Essential Respiratory Medicine (Essentials)

A succinct yet comprehensive overview of respiratory medicine, written for students and professionals Essential Respiratory Medicine is an indispensable text offering an understanding of respiratory conditions and their clinical management within evidence-based guidelines. Containing information on taking a medical history, performing examinations and investigations, diagnosis and the management of respiratory conditions, this comprehensive text was put together by a noted expert in the field. Written in an accessible manner, Essential Respiratory Medicine contains the foundational science associated with respiratory medicine, a wide-variety of practical procedures, helpful diagrams, and self-assessments designed to enhance understanding of the material presented. The text covers a variety of conditions as well as providing suggestions for engaging with patients at different stages of care. This important resource: Demonstrates an effective approach to patients presenting with common respiratory symptoms Includes a description of all key practical procedures with diagrams Discusses acute management of important respiratory emergencies Covers both acute and chronic disease Contains a companion website containing a range of learning materials, including downloadable management summaries and algorithms, an image bank, videos of patient examination, example respiratory sounds and multiple-choice questions Essential Respiratory Medicine is an essential resource for anyone on a clinical placement, rotation, or training programme in respiratory medicine. Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 About the author......Page 11 Acknowledgements......Page 13 About the companion website......Page 15 Chapter 1 Introduction to respiratory medicine......Page 17 About the book......Page 18 Chapter 2 Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the lung......Page 21 Development of the lungs......Page 22 The respiratory tract......Page 24 Muscles of respiration and mechanical ventilation......Page 27 Structure of the lungs......Page 30 Blood supply of the lungs......Page 32 Lymphatics of the lungs......Page 33 Lung receptors and reflexes......Page 34 Chemoreceptors......Page 35 Transport of oxygen......Page 36 Transport of carbon dioxide......Page 37 Lung defence......Page 39 Multiple choice questions......Page 41 Further Reading......Page 44 Chapter 3 Pharmacology of the lung......Page 45 Principles of drug deposition in lungs......Page 46 Inhaler devices......Page 47 Oxygen......Page 51 Inhaled drugs......Page 52 Drugs prescribed for smoking cessation......Page 60 Drugs that damage the lungs......Page 61 Multiple choice questions......Page 63 Further Reading......Page 66 Chapter 4 Common respiratory investigations......Page 67 Laboratory tests......Page 68 Imaging of the lung......Page 71 Lung function tests......Page 81 Exercise testing......Page 90 Invasive investigations......Page 91 Miscellaneous investigations......Page 93 Multiple choice questions......Page 94 Further Reading......Page 96 Chapter 5 Common presentations of respiratory disease......Page 99 Respiratory history......Page 100 Breathlessness......Page 101 Cough......Page 104 Management of life‐threatening haemoptysis......Page 105 Chest pain......Page 106 Examination of the respiratory system......Page 108 Examination of the chest......Page 110 Post‐operative respiratory problems......Page 115 Respiratory assessment of an acutely ill patient......Page 117 Multiple choice questions......Page 118 Further Reading......Page 120 Chapter 6 Obstructive airways disease......Page 121 Introduction......Page 122 Epidemiology......Page 123 Pathophysiology of asthma......Page 124 Clinical presentation......Page 125 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)......Page 133 α‐1 Antitrypsin Deficiency......Page 141 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)......Page 142 Vocal cord dysfunction......Page 143 Hyperventilation syndrome (HV)......Page 144 Multiple choice questions......Page 146 Appendix 6.A Diagnosis of asthma......Page 148 Appendix 6.B Management of asthma......Page 149 Appendix 6.C Management of COPD......Page 150 Further Reading......Page 151 Chapter 7 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease......Page 153 Diagnosis of DPLD......Page 154 Investigations in a patient suspected of a DPLD......Page 155 Pathophysiology......Page 156 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)......Page 157 Investigations in IPF......Page 158 Management and prognosis in IPF......Page 159 Non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)......Page 160 Investigations in NSIP......Page 161 Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP)......Page 162 Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)......Page 163 Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP)......Page 164 Eosinophilic lung disease......Page 165 Sarcoidosis......Page 166 Chronic sarcoidosis......Page 170 Radiology......Page 171 Other investigations......Page 174 Management and prognosis of sarcoidosis......Page 175 Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis......Page 176 Sub‐acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis......Page 177 Management of HP......Page 178 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)......Page 179 Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH)......Page 180 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)......Page 181 Pulmonary amyloidosis......Page 182 Multiple choice questions......Page 184 Further Reading......Page 186 Chapter 8 Respiratory infections......Page 189 Respiratory tract infections......Page 190 Viral pneumonia......Page 191 Pathophysiology......Page 192 Microbiological diagnosis of CAP......Page 197 Radiological diagnosis of CAP......Page 198 Management of CAP......Page 199 Prognosis with CAP......Page 200 Ventilator‐associated pneumonia......Page 201 Pulmonary infections in the immunocompromised......Page 202 Pathogenesis of primary pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 204 Diagnosis......Page 205 Microbiological and histological diagnosis......Page 206 Immunological diagnosis......Page 207 Management of MTB......Page 208 Contact tracing......Page 211 Treatment of multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB)......Page 212 Extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 213 Opportunistic (atypical) mycobacterium......Page 215 Multiple choice questions......Page 217 Further Reading......Page 220 Chapter 9 Lung cancer......Page 221 Epidemiology of lung cancer......Page 222 Aetiology of lung cancer......Page 224 Clinical presentation of lung cancer......Page 225 Ectopic secretion of hormones in lung cancer......Page 226 Investigations for patients suspected of having lung cancer......Page 228 Histological diagnosis......Page 230 Classification of lung cancer......Page 232 Surgery......Page 233 Post‐operative complications......Page 236 Radical radiotherapy......Page 237 Chemotherapy for NSCLC......Page 238 Targeted molecular therapy......Page 239 The lung multidisciplinary meeting......Page 240 Benign lung masses and solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN)......Page 241 Carcinoid tumour......Page 242 Future developments......Page 245 Multiple choice questions......Page 246 Further Reading......Page 249 Chapter 10 Pleural disease......Page 251 Diagnostic pathway for management of a unilateral pleural effusion......Page 252 Pleural Aspiration (Thoracocentesis)......Page 253 Pleural biopsy......Page 255 Differential diagnosis of a transudate......Page 257 Management of malignant pleural effusion......Page 258 Aetiology of pleural infection......Page 259 Pathophysiology of pleural infection......Page 260 Secondary pneumothorax (SP)......Page 264 Clinical presentation of pneumothorax......Page 265 Management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP)......Page 266 Management of secondary pneumothorax (SP)......Page 267 Surgery for persistent pneumothorax......Page 268 Recurrent pneumothorax......Page 269 Benign pleural plaque......Page 270 Diffuse pleural thickening......Page 271 Mesothelioma......Page 272 Investigations in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma......Page 273 Pleural biopsy......Page 274 Chemotherapy......Page 275 Compensation......Page 276 Multiple choice questions......Page 277 Microbiology......Page 279 Appendix 10.B Compensation for asbestos‐related disease......Page 280 Further Reading......Page 281 Chapter 11 Pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, and vasculitides......Page 283 Pulmonary embolism......Page 284 Diagnosis of pulmonary embolus......Page 286 Investigations in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus......Page 287 Imaging to confirm a diagnosis of PE......Page 288 Anticoagulation......Page 291 Inferior vena cava filter......Page 292 Chronic pulmonary emboli......Page 293 Pulmonary hypertension......Page 294 Group 1: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension......Page 295 Group 5: Multifactorial pulmonary hypertension......Page 298 Pulmonary haemorrhagic syndromes......Page 299 Anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibody (Goodpasture’s) syndrome......Page 300 Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss syndrome)......Page 301 Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)......Page 302 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 303 Further Reading......Page 306 Chapter 12 Suppurative lung disease......Page 309 Bronchiectasis......Page 310 Pathogenesis of bronchiectasis......Page 311 Aetiology of bronchiectasis......Page 312 Diagnosis of bronchiectasis......Page 314 Differential diagnoses of bronchiectasis......Page 315 Management of bronchiectasis......Page 316 Prevention of exacerbations......Page 318 Cystic fibrosis......Page 320 Management of CF......Page 321 Diagnosis of PCD......Page 324 Lung abscess......Page 325 Management of lung abscess......Page 326 Multiple choice questions......Page 328 Further Reading......Page 330 Chapter 13 Respiratory failure......Page 333 The regulation of breathing......Page 334 Type 1 respiratory failure......Page 335 Management of type 1 respiratory failure......Page 336 Devices for giving oxygen......Page 337 Type 2 respiratory failure......Page 338 Investigations for acute type 2 respiratory failure......Page 339 Type 2 respiratory failure: to treat or not to treat?......Page 340 Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV)......Page 341 BiPAP......Page 342 Monitoring on NIV......Page 343 Management of chronic type 2 respiratory failure......Page 344 Multiple choice questions......Page 345 Further Reading......Page 348 Chapter 14 Sleep-related disorders......Page 349 Non‐REM sleep......Page 350 REM sleep......Page 351 Management of UARS......Page 352 Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS)......Page 353 Epidemiology of OSAHS......Page 354 Pathophysiology of OSAHS......Page 355 Investigations for possible OSAHS......Page 357 Consequences of OSA......Page 358 OSAHS and driving......Page 359 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)......Page 360 Management......Page 362 Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH)......Page 363 Nocturnal hypoventilation......Page 364 Multiple choice questions......Page 365 Appendix 14.A Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)......Page 367 Further Reading......Page 368 Chapter 15 Occupational, environmental, and recreational lung disease......Page 369 Occupational asthma......Page 370 Pneumoconiosis......Page 371 Asbestosis......Page 372 Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis......Page 374 Silicosis......Page 375 Recreational drugs and the lungs......Page 376 Smoking......Page 377 Cannabis......Page 378 Weather......Page 379 Multiple choice questions......Page 381 Further Reading......Page 383 Chapter 16 Disorders of the mediastinum......Page 385 History and examination......Page 386 Anterior mediastinal mass......Page 387 Middle mediastinal mass......Page 390 Posterior mediastinal mass......Page 392 Other mediastinal conditions......Page 393 Multiple choice questions......Page 395 Further Reading......Page 397 Chapter 17 Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 399 Diagnosis of ALI and ARDS......Page 400 Pathogenesis of ALI and ARDS......Page 401 Management of ALI and ARDS......Page 402 Transfusion‐Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)......Page 403 Smoke inhalation......Page 404 Deep sea diving......Page 405 Acute altitude sickness......Page 406 Multiple choice questions......Page 407 Further Reading......Page 409 Index......Page 411 EULA......Page 425 "A succinct yet comprehensive overview of respiratory medicine, written for students and professionals Essential Respiratory Medicine is an indispensable text offering an understanding of respiratory conditions and their clinical management within evidence-based guidelines. Containing information on taking a medical history, performing examinations and investigations, diagnosis and the management of respiratory conditions, this comprehensive text was put together by a noted expert in the field. Written in an accessible manner, Essential Respiratory Medicine contains the foundational science associated with respiratory medicine, a wide-variety of practical procedures, helpful diagrams, and self-assessments designed to enhance understanding of the material presented. The text covers a variety of conditions as well as providing suggestions for engaging with patients at different stages of care. This important resource: Demonstrates an effective approach to patients presenting with common respiratory symptoms Includes a description of all key practical procedures with diagrams Discusses acute management of important respiratory emergencies Covers both acute and chronic disease Contains a companion website containing a range of learning materials, including downloadable management summaries and algorithms, an image bank, videos of patient examination, example respiratory sounds and multiple-choice questions Essential Respiratory Medicine is an essential resource for anyone on a clinical placement, rotation, or training programme in respiratory medicine."--Résumé de l'éditeur