Experimental and Computational Techniques in Soft Condensed Matter Physics

"Soft condensed matter physics relies on a fundamental understanding at the interface between physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering for a host of materials and circumstances that are related to, but outside, the traditional definition of condensed matter physics. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, this book uniquely discusses both the contemporary experimental and computational manifestations of soft condensed matter systems. From particle tracking and image analysis, novel materials and computational methods, to confocal microscopy and bacterial assays, this book will equip the reader for collaborative and interdisciplinary research efforts relating to a range of modern problems in nonlinear and non-equilibrium systems. It will enable both graduate students and experienced researchers to supplement a more traditional understanding of thermodynamics and statistical systems with knowledge of the techniques used in contemporary investigations. Color versions of a selection of the figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521115902"-- Provided by publisher Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Contributors......Page 10 1.1 Introduction......Page 13 1.2 Video microscopy......Page 15 1.3 Confocal microscopy......Page 17 1.4.2 Weaknesses of optical microscopy......Page 19 1.4.3 Tradeoffs when doing optical microscopy......Page 21 1.5 Particle tracking......Page 23 1.6.1 Structure of colloidal glasses......Page 25 1.6.2 Dynamics of colloidal glasses......Page 26 1.6.3 Microrheology: determining macroscopic properties from microscopic measurements......Page 28 1.6.4 Flow fields......Page 30 Acknowledgments......Page 32 References......Page 33 2.1 Introduction......Page 37 2.2.1 Isotropic compression......Page 38 2.2.2 Applied shear strain......Page 42 2.2.3 Other important variables......Page 46 2.2.3.1 Particle shape......Page 47 2.2.3.2 Contact distance for ellipsoidal particles......Page 48 2.2.3.3 Particle shape annealing......Page 53 2.2.4 Distributions of jamming onsets......Page 54 2.3 Mechanical stability......Page 55 2.4.1 Contact number......Page 58 2.4.2 Pair distribution function and structure factor......Page 59 2.4.3 Order parameters......Page 62 2.4.4 Correlation functions and lengths......Page 64 2.4.5 Bulk and shear moduli......Page 68 Acknowledgments......Page 70 References......Page 71 3.1 Introduction......Page 74 3.2 Overview of particulate gels......Page 75 3.3 Structure of particulate gels......Page 78 3.4 Viscoelasticity of particulate gels......Page 86 3.5 Gelation and arrested phase-separation dynamics......Page 90 3.6 Bicontinuous solid networks from arrested phase separation......Page 94 3.7 Stress and structure in compressed emulsions......Page 97 References......Page 100 4.1 Introduction......Page 109 4.2 Monolayer basics......Page 110 4.2.1 Langmuir trough......Page 111 4.2.2 Cleaning procedures......Page 114 4.2.3 Solution preparation......Page 116 4.3 Phase characterization......Page 117 4.3.1 Isotherms......Page 119 4.3.2 Optical measures......Page 122 4.4 Mechanical properties......Page 125 References......Page 128 5.1 Introduction......Page 133 5.2 Rheology of granular media......Page 134 5.3 Force model......Page 135 5.4.1 Constitutive relations for inclined plane flows......Page 139 5.4.2 Simulations of inclined plane flows......Page 141 5.4.3 Steady flows......Page 143 5.4.4 Microscopics......Page 145 5.4.5 Rheology......Page 147 5.4.6 Analogy to dense fluids......Page 148 5.4.7 Approach to jamming......Page 151 5.5 Summary......Page 153 References......Page 155 6.1 Introduction......Page 159 6.2 Shear rheometry......Page 164 6.3 Microrheology......Page 175 6.4 Summary......Page 188 References......Page 189 7.1 Introduction......Page 192 7.2.1 Film versus pixels......Page 193 7.2.2 Noise and imaging errors......Page 194 7.3 Particle image velocimetry......Page 195 7.3.2 Basic PIV algorithm......Page 196 7.3.3 Error control......Page 198 7.3.4 Applicability and limitations......Page 199 7.3.6 Particle Tracking Velocimetry......Page 200 7.4 Particle tracking and Lagrangian measurement......Page 201 7.4.1 Tracer identification......Page 202 7.4.2 Basic algorithm: nearest-neighbor tracking......Page 205 7.4.3 Predictive algorithms......Page 207 7.4.4 Error control......Page 209 7.4.5 Extensions......Page 211 7.4.6 Field measurements......Page 212 7.5.1 Stereoimaging......Page 213 7.5.2 Tomography......Page 214 7.5.4 Limitations......Page 215 7.6.2 Measurement of additional quantities......Page 216 7.6.4 Conclusions......Page 217 References......Page 218 8.1 Introduction......Page 221 8.2 History......Page 222 8.3 Surface flow models......Page 223 8.4.1 Probabilistic models......Page 228 8.4.2 Momentum models......Page 229 8.4.3 Energy and interaction models......Page 231 8.5 Hybrid models......Page 236 8.6 Optimizations......Page 237 References......Page 238 9.1 Introduction......Page 242 9.2 Theory......Page 245 9.3 Experimental methods......Page 249 9.4.1 G-squared calibration......Page 251 9.4.2 The inverse problem......Page 253 9.5 Photoelastic measurements in granular media......Page 255 9.6 Conclusions......Page 256 References......Page 257 10.1 Introduction......Page 260 10.2 Image acquisition......Page 261 10.3 Lighting......Page 262 10.4 Particle identification......Page 265 10.4.1 Resolution......Page 266 10.4.2 Smoothing......Page 267 10.4.3 Peak detection......Page 268 10.4.4 Convolutions......Page 269 10.4.5 Error checking......Page 271 10.4.6 Sub-pixel resolution......Page 273 10.4.7 Momentum filtering......Page 274 10.5 Data analysis......Page 276 10.6 Incorporating undergraduates into soft condensed matter research......Page 278 10.6.1 The two-year plan/three-year plan......Page 280 10.6.2 Student outcomes......Page 285 References......Page 287 11.1 Introduction......Page 291 11.2 Phenomenology of bacteria in and on agar......Page 292 11.2.1 Chemotactic patterns......Page 293 11.2.2 Colony morphology......Page 294 11.2.3 Swarming......Page 297 11.3 Modeling......Page 300 11.3.1 Chemotactic patterns......Page 301 11.3.2.1 Diffusion–reaction......Page 305 11.3.2.2 Diffusion-limited aggregation......Page 308 11.3.3 Swarming......Page 310 11.3.4 Comments......Page 312 11.4.1 Optical microscopy......Page 313 11.4.2 Fluorescent reporters......Page 316 11.4.3 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy......Page 319 11.4.4 Other techniques......Page 321 11.4.5 Single-cell measurements......Page 323 11.5 Comments......Page 324 References......Page 327 Index......Page 338 Soft Condensed Matter Physics Relies On A Fundamental Understanding Of The Interfaces Between Physics, Chemistry, Biology, And Engineering For A Host Of Materials And Circumstances That Are Related To, But Outside, The Traditional Definition Of Condensed Matter Physics. Featuring Contributions From Leading Researchers In The Field, This Book Uniquely Discusses Both The Contemporary Experimental And Computational Manifestations Of Soft Condensed Matter Systems. From Particle Tracking And Image Analysis, Novel Materials And Computational Methods, To Confocal Microscopy And Bacterial Assays, This Book Will Equip The Reader For Collaborative And Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Relating To A Range Of Modern Problems In Nonlinear And Nonequilibrium Systems. It Will Enable Both Graduate Students And Experienced Researchers To Supplement A More Traditional Understanding Of Thermodynamics And Statistical Systems With Knowledge Of The Techniques Used In Contemporary Investigations-- Edited By Jeffrey Olafsen. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Machine generated contents note: 1. Microscopy of soft materials Eric R. Weeks; 2. Computational methods to study jammed Systems Carl F. Schrek and Corey S. O'Hern; 3. Soft random solids: particulate gels, compressed emulsions and hybrid materials Anthony D. Dinsmore; 4. Langmuir monolayers Michael Dennin; 5. Computer modeling of granular rheology Leonardo E. Silbert; 6. Rheological and microrheological measurements of soft condensed matter John R. de Bruyn and Felix K. Oppong; 7. Particle-based measurement techniques for soft matter Nicholas T. Ouellette; 8. Cellular automata models of granular flow G. William Baxter; 9. Photoelastic materials Brian Utter; 10. Image acquisition and analysis in soft condensed matter Jeffrey S. Olafsen; 11. Structure and patterns in bacterial colonies Nicholas C. Darnton. A unique and detailed discussion of both the contemporary experimental and computational manifestations of soft condensed matter systems