Fiber Optic Essentials

This book is a MUST for everyone in and around the optics community! Fiber Optic Essentials provides professionals and students new to the field of fiber optics with a high-level knowledge of principles, theories and applications. This primer can also be used as a succinct overview of optics for those with some engineering and physics background. Individuals involved with optics in non-traditional capacities such as in marketing and legal departments will find this volume introduces basic concepts completely in an easy to read format. Casimer and Carolyn DeCusatis have provided a concise resource with compact chapters and minimal equations conveying this complex topic in a straightforward and clear-cut style. Included in this book are chapters on fibers, cables, connectors, transmitters, modulators, noise, and optical link design. Concluding this reference are three indispensable appendices covering extensive definitions, acronyms (including initials and commonly used slang), measurement conversions and physical constants. This author team has produced a book that has truly shed light on this difficult subject. * Comprehensively covers basic fiber optic ‘facts' * Explains how optics relate to everyday life * Details fiber optic communication standards * Chapter included on medical applications * Timeline traces the history of optics with major milestones This book is a MUST for everyone in and around the optics community! Fiber Optic Essentials provides professionals and students new to the field of fiber optics with a high-level knowledge of principles, theories and applications. This primer can also be used as a succinct overview of optics for those with some engineering and physics background. Individuals involved with optics in non-traditional capacities such as in marketing and legal departments will find this volume introduces basic concepts completely in an easy to read format. Casimer and Carolyn DeCusatis have provided a concise resource with compact chapters and minimal equations conveying this complex topic in a straightforward and clear-cut style. Included in this book are chapters on fibers, cables, connectors, transmitters, modulators, noise, and optical link design. Concluding this reference are three indispensable appendices covering extensive definitions, acronyms (including initials and commonly used slang), measurement conversions and physical constants. This author team has produced a book that has truly shed light on this difficult subject. + Comprehensively covers basic fiber optic 'facts' + Explains how optics relate to everyday life + Details fiber optic communication standards + Chapter included on medical applications + Timeline traces the history of optics with major milestone Contents 3 Preface 7 1 Fiber, Cables, and Connectors 11 1.1 Optical Fiber Principles 14 1.2 Basic Terminology 23 1.3 Single-Mode Fiber 26 1.4 Multimode Fiber 29 1.5 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) 30 1.6 Plastic Optical Fiber 31 1.7 Cables 33 Chapter 1 References 36 2 Transmitters 39 2.1 Basic Transmitter Specification Terminology 40 2.1.1 LASER SAFETY 42 2.2 Light Emitting Diodes 44 2.3 Lasers 49 2.3.1 DOUBLE HETEROSTRUCTURE LASER DIODES 53 2.3.2 QUANTUM WELL (QW) AND STRAINED LAYER (SL) QUANTUM WELL LASERS 54 2.3.3 DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR (DBR) AND DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK (DFB) LASERS 55 2.3.4 VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS 57 2.4 Modulators 58 2.4.1 LITHIUM NIOBATE MODULATORS 60 2.4.2 ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATORS 61 2.4.3 ELECTRO OPTIC AND ELECTROREFRACTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR MODULATORS 62 Chapter 2 References 63 3 Detectors and Receivers 65 3.1 Basic Detector Specification Terminology 66 3.2 PN Photodiode 72 3.3 PIN Photodiode 75 3.4 Other Detectors 83 3.4.1 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE 84 3.4.2 PHOTODIODE ARRAY 86 3.4.3 SCHOTTKY-BARRIER PHOTODIODES 88 3.4.4 METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL (MSM) DETECTORS 89 3.4.5 RESONANT-CAVITY ENHANCED PHOTODETECTORS (RECAP) 92 3.4.6 INTERFEROMETRIC SENSORS 93 3.5 Noise 95 3.5.1 SHOT NOISE 98 3.5.2 THERMAL NOISE 98 3.5.3 OTHER NOISE SOURCES 99 3.5.4 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 100 Chapter 3 References 101 4 Fiber Optic Link Design 103 4.1 Figures of Merit 103 4.2 Link Budget Analysis 108 4.2.1 INSTALLATION LOSS 108 4.2.2 TRANSMISSION LOSS 109 4.2.3 ATTENUATION VS. WAVELENGTH 109 4.2.4 CONNECTOR AND SPLICE LOSS 109 4.3 Optical Power Penalties 110 4.3.1 DISPERSION 110 4.3.2 MODE PARTITION NOISE 113 4.3.3 RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE 114 4.3.4 JITTER 115 4.3.5 MODAL NOISE 116 4.3.6 RADIATION INDUCED LOSS 117 Chapter 4 References 118 5 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers 121 5.1 Repeaters 124 5.2 Optical Amplifiers 125 5.2.1 RARE EARTH DOPED OPTICAL FIBER AMPLIFIERS 125 5.2.2 SEMICONDUCTOR AMPLIFIERS 129 5.2.3 NONLINEAR EFFECTS AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS FOR WDM 130 Chapter 5 References 134 6 Wavelength Multiplexing 135 6.1 WDM Design Considerations 140 6.2 Network Topologies 145 6.3 Latency 148 6.4 Protection and Restoration 153 6.5 Network Management 155 Chapter 6 References 156 Chapter 6 Further Reading 157 7 Fiber Optic Communication Standards 159 7.1 Why Do We Need Standards? 159 7.2 ESCON/SBCON 164 7.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 165 7.4 Fibre Channel Standard 167 7.5 ATM/SONET 168 7.6 Gigabit Ethernet 170 7.7 InfiniBand 172 Chapter 7 References 173 8 Fabrication and Measurement 175 8.1 Fabrication Techniques 175 8.1.1 FIBER DRAWING: LIQUID PHASE METHODS 176 8.1.2 FIBER DRAWING: CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 177 8.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings 180 8.3 Semiconductor Device Fabrication 181 8.4 Measurement Equipment 184 8.4.1 FIBER OPTIC POWER METER 184 8.4.2 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER 185 8.4.3 BIT ERROR RATE TEST (BERT) 186 8.4.4 DIGITAL SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPE 187 Chapter 8 References 189 9 Medical Applications 191 9.1 Endoscopes 192 9.1.1 RIGID ENDOSCOPES 195 9.1.2 THE CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT 196 9.2 Laser Fibers 196 9.2.1 APPLICATIONS 198 9.3 Illumination 200 9.4 Biosensors 201 Chapter 9 References 203 10 Fiber Facts 205 10.1 Basic Information 205 10.1.1 MOORE’S “LAW” AND OPTICAL DATA COMMUNICATION 206 10.1.2 INTERNET TRAFFIC 207 10.1.3 CAPACITY VS. COST 207 10.2 Disaster Recovery Facts 208 10.3 Fiber for Lighting and Illumination 210 10.4 Unusual Applications and Future Developments 213 Chapter 10 Further Reading 214 Chapter 10 References 214 11 Fiber Optic Timeline 217 11.1 Basic Knowledge Timeline 218 11.2 Timeline for Selected Optical Data Communications Milestones 221 11.3 Timeline for Fiber Optic Milestones in Medical Applications 223 Chapter 11 References 226 Appendix A: Glossary 229 Some Useful Dictionaries on the World Wide Web 250 Appendix B: Acronyms and Initials 251 Some useful acronym searches on the World Wide Web 269 Appendic C: Measurement Conversion Tables 271 Index 273