Flexible Resources for Smart Cities

This book paves the road for researchers from various areas of engineering working in the realm of smart cities to discuss the intersections in these areas when it comes to infrastructure and its flexibility. The authors lay out models, algorithms and frameworks related to the "smartness" in the future smart cities. In particular, manufacturing firms, electric generation, transmission and distribution utilities, hardware and software computer companies, automation and control manufacturing firms, and other industries will be able to use this book to enhance their energy operations, improve their comfort and privacy, as well as to increase the benefit from the electrical system. The book pertains to researchers, professionals, and R&D in an array of industries. Analyses various resources for smart cities in terms of energy, telecommunication, market, mobility, etc; Includes an in depth study of renewable energy resources, zero energy buildings, smart homes, active customers, and electric vehicles; Covers information privacy for smart meters and how mobile users play key role in future smart cities. Provided by publisher Preface Contents About the Editors Community-Based Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Parking Lots 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of the Solar-Powered EVPLs 3 Problem Formulation 3.1 Solving Process of Problem 4 Simulation Results 4.1 PLOs ́ Profit Without the Community-Based Model and SE 4.2 PLOs ́ Profit with the Community-Based Model and With/Without SE 5 Conclusion References Smart Energy-Aware Cities: Customer Characterization by Energy Data Analytics to Improve Demand Response Performance 1 Introduction 2 Smart Energy-Aware Cities 3 Demand-Side Management 4 Data Mining 4.1 Classification 4.2 Clustering 4.3 Entropy 4.4 Davies-Bouldin Index 5 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 6 Energy-Aware Smart City for Demand-Side Management Programs 7 Method 8 Implementation 8.1 Case Study 8.2 Results 9 Conclusions References The Role of Transactive Energy on Management of Flexible Resources 1 Introduction 2 Flexibility Service Requirements for Transformation of Energy Systems 3 Managing Flexibility Service Based on Transactive Energy Concept 3.1 Determining Transactive Control Signals 3.2 Application of TE Concept in Smart Energy Systems 3.3 Characteristics of TE Technique 3.4 Practicality of Transactive Energy-Based Flexibility Management Schemes 4 Mathematical Modeling of Transactive Energy-Based Flexibility Management in Smart Energy Systems 4.1 Transactive Energy-Based Ramping-Up Management 4.2 Transactive Energy-Based Congestion Management 4.3 Further Operational Points Associated with Modeling Transactive Energy-Based Flexibility Management Frameworks 5 Conclusion References Microgrid ́s Role in Enhancing the Security and Flexibility of City Energy Systems 1 Introduction and Background 2 Microgrid and Its Operations 2.1 Microgrid Scales 2.2 Microgrid Architectures and Layers 2.3 Microgrid Operations 2.4 Grid-Connected Mode 2.5 Islanded Mode 2.5.1 Transitions to/from Island Mode 2.5.2 Permanent Islands 3 Microgrid Benefits 3.1 Increased Reliability and Resilience 3.1.1 Provides Backup Power for Critical Loads During Grid Outages 3.1.2 Adds an Additional Layer of Resilience Above a Building Generator and Supports Distribution Grid Resilience 3.1.3 Pools Together Multiple Generators for Redundancy (N + 1) 3.1.4 Can Provide Power Beyond the Microgrid Boundaries in Emergencies 3.1.5 Can Respond to Grid Transients to Attempt to Alleviate an Outage 3.2 Grid Services for Frequency and Voltage Support, Peak Shaving, Demand Response 3.2.1 Regulate the Output of Local Sources Demand Management Respond to Frequency Transients Respond to Voltage Transients 3.3 Future Capabilities 4 Microgrid Resilience 4.1 Physical Resilience 4.2 Cyber Resilience 4.3 Implications of Interdependencies Between Various Critical Infrastructures on Resilience 4.4 Mitigation Strategies 5 Case Studies 5.1 North Bay Community Energy Park 5.2 Marine Corps Air Station Miramar 5.3 Brooklyn Microgrid 5.4 Summary 6 Conclusion References Peer-to-Peer Local Energy Markets: A Low-Cost Flexible Solution for Energizing Sustainable Smart Cities 1 Introduction 2 P2P Market Structures 2.1 Decentralized P2P Energy Market 2.2 Semi-Decentralized P2P Energy Market 3 P2P Markets Contributions in Flexibility Harvesting 3.1 Incentives for Flexibility Provision 3.2 Decreasing Uncertainty 3.3 Reducing Flexibility Costs 3.4 Risk Management 3.5 Energy Democracy 3.6 Solving Grid Problems 4 Challenges of Flexibility Harvesting with P2P Markets 4.1 Technology Diversity 4.2 Production Efficiency 4.3 Scalability 4.4 Data Sharing and Privacy 4.5 Technical Constraints 4.6 Technology Dependent 5 Distributed Ledger Technologies and Blockchain 5.1 Blockchain Structure 5.2 Blockchain and P2P Energy Markets 6 Practical Projects and Pilots Around the World 6.1 The Brooklyn Microgrid 6.2 Piclo Platform 6.3 Power Ledger Platform 7 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook References Planning of Sustainable Charging Infrastructure for Smart Cities 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Related Work 1.3 Contributions 1.4 Organization of Chapter 2 Charging Infrastructure Planning Considering Only Distribution Network 3 Charging Infrastructure Planning Considering Interference of Transport and Distribution Network 4 Charging Infrastructure Planning for Intracity Traffic 5 Charging Infrastructure Planning for Intercity Traffic 6 Charging Hotspots 7 Smart Charging Stations 8 V2G Technology 8.1 Motivation for V2G Technology 8.2 Applications of V2G Technology 8.3 Challenges of V2G Technology 8.4 V2G Compatible Cars 8.5 V2G Standards 9 Conclusions References A Comprehensive Topological Assessment of Power Electronics Converters for Charging of Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Related Works 1.2 Shortcomings and Contributions 1.3 Organization 2 Converter Topologies for EV Battery Charges 2.1 First Stage Front-End Converters (AC-DC) 2.2 Second Stage Back-End Converters (DC-DC) 2.2.1 Comparison of Various DC-DC Converters 3 Isolated and Non-isolated Topologies with Variations 3.1 Isolated Full-Bridge Converter Topologies with Its Variations 3.2 Soft-Switching Techniques 3.2.1 Active Auxiliary Circuits for Soft Switching 3.2.2 Passive Auxiliary Circuits for Soft Switching 3.2.3 Modulations Techniques for Soft Switching 3.3 Isolated Resonant Topologies with Variations and Comparison Analysis 3.3.1 Series Resonant Converter Topology 3.3.2 Parallel Resonant Converter Topology 3.3.3 Series Parallel Resonant Converter Topology 3.3.4 LLC Resonant Converter Topology 3.4 Bidirectional Non-isolated/Isolated and Soft-Switching Configurations 3.4.1 Bidirectional Non-isolated Topologies with Soft Switching 3.4.2 Bidirectional Isolated Topologies with Soft Switching 4 Integrated Charger and Charger Configuration with Front-End AC-AC and Back-End AC-DC Converters 5 Power Electronics Challenges in Transport Sector 6 Conclusion References Index This book paves the road for researchers from various areas of engineering working in the realm of smart cities to discuss the intersections in these areas when it comes to infrastructure and its flexibility. The authors lay out models, algorithms and frameworks related to the "smartness" in the future smart cities. In particular, manufacturing firms, electric generation, transmission and distribution utilities, hardware and software computer companies, automation and control manufacturing firms, and other industries will be able to use this book to enhance their energy operations, improve their comfort and privacy, as well as to increase the benefit from the electrical system. The book pertains to researchers, professionals, and R & D in an array of industries. Analyses various resources for smart cities in terms of energy, telecommunication, market, mobility, etc; Includes an in depth study of renewable energy resources, zero energy buildings, smart homes, active customers, and electric vehicles; Covers information privacy for smart meters and how mobile users play key role in future smart cities