Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers

Aimed at the standard junior level introductory course on fluid mechanics taken by all chemical engineers, the book takes a broad-scale approach to chemical engineering applications including examples in safety, materials and bioengineering. A new chapter has been added on mixing, as well as flow in open channels and unsteady flow. Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 4 Half-Title Page......Page 8 Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers......Page 12 ISBN: 0-07-016375-8......Page 13 Contents......Page 14 Notation......Page 20 1.1 What Is Fluid Mechanics?......Page 26 1.2 What Gocid Is Fluid Mechanics?......Page 28 1.3 Basic Ideas in Fluid Mechanics......Page 29 1.4 Liquids and Gases......Page 30 1.5 Properties; of Fluids......Page 31 1.6 Pressure......Page 40 1.8 Units and Conversion Factors......Page 43 1.9 Principles iversus Techniques......Page 50 1.10 Engineering Problems......Page 51 1.11 Summary;......Page 53 2.1 The Basic 'Equation of Fluid Statics......Page 57 2.2 Pressure-Depth Relationships......Page 60 2.3 Pressure Forces on Surfaces......Page 64 2.4 Buoyancy .......Page 71 2.5 Pressure Measurement......Page 74 2.6 Manometer-like Situations......Page 80 2.7 Variable Gravity......Page 83 2.8 Pressure in Accelerated Rigid-Body Motions......Page 84 2.9 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels......Page 89 2.11 Summary......Page 90 3.1 The Balance Equation......Page 101 3.2 The Mass Balance......Page 104 3.3 Steady-State Balances......Page 105 3.4 The Steady-State Flow, One-Dimensional Mass Balance......Page 107 3.5 Unsteady-State Mass Balances......Page 109 3.6 Mass Balances for Mixtures......Page 112 3.7 Mass Balances for Multidimensional Flows......Page 114 3.8 Summary......Page 115 4.1 Energy......Page 119 4.2 Forms of Energy......Page 120 4.3 Energy Transfer......Page 123 4.4 The Energy Balance......Page 124 4.5 Kinetic and Potential Energies......Page 126 4.6 Internal Energy......Page 128 4.7 The Work Term......Page 131 4.8 Injection Work......Page 132 4.9 Enthalpy......Page 134 4.10 Restricted Forms......Page 135 4.11 Some Common Machines and Processes......Page 137 4.12 Unsteady-State Systems, Accumulation......Page 142 4.13 Less Restricted Systems......Page 146 4.14 Other Forms of Work and Energy......Page 151 4.15 Limitations of the First Law......Page 155 4.16 Summary......Page 156 5.1 The Energy Balance for a Steady, Incompressible Flow......Page 164 5.2 The Friction Heating Term......Page 165 5.4 The Head Form of Bernoulli's Equation......Page 168 5.5 Diffusers and Sudden Expansions......Page 169 5.6 Bernoulli's Equation for Gases......Page 170 5.7 Torricelli's Equation and Its Variants......Page 172 5.8 Bernoulli's Equation for Fluid Flow Measurement......Page 176 5.9 Negative Absolute Pressures: Cavitation......Page 186 5.10 Bernoulli's Equation for Unsteady Flows......Page 188 5.11 Nonuniform Flows......Page 191 5.12 Summary......Page 193 6. Fluid Friction in Steady, One-Dimensional Flow......Page 203 6.1 The Pressure-Drop Experiment......Page 204 6.2 Reynolds' Experiment......Page 205 6.3 Laminar Flow......Page 207 6.4 Turbulent, Flow......Page 213 6.5 The Three Friction Factor Problems......Page 218 6.6 Some Comments about the Friction Factor Method and Turbulent Flow......Page 223 6.7 More Convenient Methods......Page 224 6.8 Computer Methods......Page 230 6.9 Fitting Losses......Page 231 6.10 Enlargements and Contractions......Page 233 6.11 Fluid Friction in One-Directional Flow and Other Geometries......Page 235 6.12 More Complex Problems Involving Bernoulli's Equation......Page 239 6.13 Economic Pipe Diameter......Page 243 6.14 Flow around Submerged Objects......Page 247 6.15 Summary......Page 254 7. The Momentum Balance......Page 266 7.1 Momentum......Page 267 7.2 The Momentum Balance......Page 268 7.3 Some Steady-Flow Applications of the Momentum Balance......Page 272 .4 Starting and Stopping Flows......Page 284 7.5 Relative Velocities......Page 287 7.6 A Very Brief Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering......Page 291 7.7 The Angular Momentum Balance: Rotating Systems......Page 295 7.8 The Momentum Balance for Three-Dimensional Flow......Page 297 7.9 The Navier-Stokes Equations......Page 300 7.10 Summary......Page 304 8. One-Dimensional, High-Velocity Gas Flow......Page 314 8.1 The Speed of Sound......Page 315 8.2 Steady, Frictionless, Adiabatic, One-Dimensional Flow of a Perfect Gas......Page 319 8.3 Nozzle Choking......Page 329 8.4 High-Velocity Gas Flow with Friction, Heating, or Both......Page 330 8.5 Normal Shock Waves......Page 336 8.6 Relative Velocities......Page 339 8.7 Nozzles and Diffusers......Page 341 8.8 Pitot Tubes for High-Velocity Gas Flow......Page 345 8.9 Summary......Page 347 9.1 Positive-Displacement Pumps......Page 354 9.2 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 359 9.3 Positive-Displacement Compressors......Page 364 9.4 Rotary Compressors......Page 369 9.5 Compressor Efficiencies......Page 370 9.6 Fluid Engines and Turbines......Page 372 9.8 Summary......Page 376 10.1 The History of Potential Flow and Boundary Layer......Page 380 10.2 Streamlines......Page 382 10.3 Potential Flow......Page 383 10.4 Irrotational Flow......Page 392 10.5 Stream Function......Page 396 10.6 Bernoulli's Equation for Two-Dimensional„ Perfect-Fluid, Irrotational Flows......Page 400 10.7 Flow around a Cylinder......Page 402 10.8 Separation......Page 405 10.9 Summary......Page 407 11.1 Prandtl's Boundary-Layer Equations......Page 410 11.2 The Steady-Flow, Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow......Page 411 11.3 Turbulent Boundary Layers......Page 420 11.4 Turbulent Flow in Pipes......Page 421 11.5 The Steady, Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate......Page 425 11.6 The Successes of Boundary-Layer Theory......Page 427 11.7 Summary......Page 430 12. Flow through Porous Media......Page 435 12.1 Fluid Friction in Porous Media......Page 437 12.2 Two-Fluid Cocurrent Flowing Porous Media......Page 445 12.3 Countercurrent Flow in Porous Media......Page 449 12.4 Simple Filter Theory......Page 451 12.5 Fluidization......Page 454 12.6 Summary......Page 456 13.1 Models......Page 458 13.2 Dimensionless Numbers......Page 460 13.3 Finding the Dimensionless Numbers......Page 461 13.4 Judgment, Guesswork, and Caution......Page 471 13.5 Summary......Page 472 14. Gas-Liquid Flow......Page 474 14.1 Vertical, Upward Gas-Liquid Flow......Page 475 14.2 Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow......Page 479 14.4 Summary......Page 481 15.1 The Role of Structure in Nonnewtonian Behavior......Page 483 15.2 Measurement and Description of Nonnewtonian Fluids......Page 484 15.3 Laminar Flow of Nonnewtonian Fluids in Circular Tubes......Page 487 15.4 Turbulent Flow of Nonnewtoniari Fluids in Pipes......Page 490 15.5 Summary......Page 492 16. Turbulence......Page 494 16.1 Why Study Turbulence?......Page 497 16.2 Turbulence Measurements......Page 499 16.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy......Page 501 16.5 Experimerital and Mathematical Descriptions of Turbulent Flows......Page 502 16.6 Reynolds Stresses......Page 509 16.8 Summary......Page 512 17. Surface Forces......Page 514 17.1 Surface Tension and Surface Energy......Page 515 17.2 Wetting and Contact Angle......Page 516 17.3 Measurement of Surface Tension......Page 517 17.5 Forces due to Curved Surfaces......Page 520 17.6 Some Example of Surface Force Effects......Page 523 17.7 Summary......Page 527 A.1 Viscosities of Various Fluids at 1-atm Pressure......Page 532 A.2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon-12 Refrigerant......Page 533 A.3 Steel Pipe Dimensions: Capacities and Weights......Page 534 A.4 Flow of Water through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe......Page 538 A.5 Compressible-Flow Tables for k = 1.4......Page 540 A.6 Fluid Densities......Page 546 A.7 Some Properties of Gases......Page 547 A.8 Compressibility Factor......Page 548 A.10 Sorrie Properties of Liquids......Page 549 Appendix B: Proof that for a Fluid at Rest the Pressure Is the Same in All Directions......Page 550 Appendix C: The Hydraulic Jump Equations......Page 552 D.1 Definitions......Page 554 D.2 Isentropic Relations......Page 555 D.3 Entropy Change......Page 557 Appendix E: The ArealRatio......Page 558 Appendix F: Normal Shock Waves......Page 560 appendix G: Equations for Adiabatic, Zero-Clearance, isentropic Copmpressors......Page 564 Appendix H: Proof that the Curves of Constant 4) and of Constant Are Perpendicular......Page 566 References......Page 568 Answers to Selected Problems......Page 576 Index......Page 580 This is intended as an introduction to fluid mechanics for third-year Chemical Engineering students. The presentation of fluid mechanics is elaborated with numerous detailed examples. Throughout, an emphasis is placed on the connection between physical reality and its mathematical models.