Fluid Power Engineering

Develop high-performance hydraulic and pneumatic power systems Design, operate, and maintain fluid and pneumatic power equipment using the expert information contained in this authoritative volume. Fluid Power Engineering presents a comprehensive approach to hydraulic systems engineering with a solid grounding in hydrodynamic theory. The book explains how to create accurate mathematical models, select and assemble components, and integrate powerful servo valves and actuators. You will also learn how to build low-loss transmission lines, analyze system performance, and optimize efficiency. Work with hydraulic fluids, pumps, gauges, and cylinders Design transmission lines using the lumped parameter model Minimize power losses due to friction, leakage, and line resistance Construct and operate accumulators, pressure switches, and filters Develop mathematical models of electrohydraulic servosystems Convert hydraulic power into mechanical energy using actuators Precisely control load displacement using HSAs and control valves Apply fluid systems techniques to pneumatic power systems Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 20 1.1 Introduction......Page 24 1.2.1 Mechanical Power Systems......Page 25 1.2.2 Electrical Power Systems......Page 26 1.2.3 Pneumatic Power Systems......Page 27 1.2.4 Hydrodynamic Power Systems......Page 28 1.2.5 Hydrostatic Power Systems......Page 29 1.3 Basic Hydraulic Power Systems......Page 31 1.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Systems......Page 32 1.5 Comparing Power Systems......Page 33 1.6 Exercises......Page 34 1.7 Nomenclature......Page 36 2.1 Introduction......Page 38 2.2.1 Viscosity......Page 39 2.2.2 Oil Density......Page 48 2.2.3 Oil Compressibility......Page 53 2.2.4 Thermal Expansion......Page 60 2.2.5 Vapor Pressure......Page 61 2.2.10 Foaming......Page 62 2.2.11 Cleanliness......Page 63 2.2.14 Toxicity......Page 68 2.3.1 Typically Used Hydraulic Fluids......Page 69 2.3.3 Fire-Resistant Fluids......Page 70 2.5 Requirements Imposed on the Hydraulic Liquid......Page 72 2.6 Exercises......Page 73 2.7 Nomenclature......Page 76 Appendix 2A: Transfer Functions......Page 77 Appendix 2B: Laminar Flow in Pipes......Page 78 3.2 Hydraulic Tubing......Page 82 3.3 Hoses......Page 87 3.4.1 Minor Losses......Page 91 3.4.2 Friction Losses......Page 93 3.5 Modeling of Hydraulic Transmission Lines......Page 95 3.6 Exercises......Page 99 Properties of the Laplace Transform......Page 100 Laplace Transform Tables......Page 101 The Single-Lump Model......Page 102 The Two-Lump Model......Page 103 The Four-Lump Model......Page 104 Case Study......Page 105 4.1 Introduction......Page 112 4.2 Ideal Pump Analysis......Page 114 4.3 Real Pump Analysis......Page 117 4.4 Cavitation in Displacement Pumps......Page 120 4.5 Pulsation of Flow of Displacement Pumps......Page 121 4.6.1 Bent Axis Axial Piston Pumps......Page 123 4.6.2 Swash Plate Pumps with Axial Pistons......Page 126 4.6.3 Swash Plate Pumps with Inclined Pistons......Page 128 4.6.5 Radial Piston Pumps with Eccentric Cam Ring......Page 129 4.6.6 Radial Piston Pumps with Eccentric Shafts......Page 131 4.6.8 External Gear Pumps......Page 132 4.6.9 Internal Gear Pumps......Page 137 4.6.10 Gerotor Pumps......Page 138 4.6.12 Vane Pumps......Page 140 4.7.1 General......Page 145 4.7.2 Pressure-Compensated Vane Pumps......Page 146 4.7.3 Bent Axis Axial Piston Pumps with Power Control......Page 148 4.8 Rotodynamic Pumps......Page 151 4.9 Pump Summary......Page 153 4.11 Exercises......Page 157 4.12 Nomenclature......Page 160 5.1 Introduction......Page 162 5.2.1 Direct-Operated Relief Valves......Page 164 5.2.2 Pilot-Operated Relief Valves......Page 167 5.2.3 Pressure-Reducing Valves......Page 170 5.2.4 Sequence Valves......Page 175 5.2.5 Accumulator Charging Valve......Page 178 5.3.2 Poppet-Type DCVs......Page 180 5.3.3 Spool-Type DCVs......Page 181 5.3.4 Control of the Directional Control Valves......Page 184 5.3.5 Flow Characteristics of Spool Valves......Page 190 5.3.6 Pressure and Power Losses in the Spool Valves......Page 192 5.3.7 Flow Forces Acting on the Spool......Page 193 5.3.8 Direct-Operated Directional Control Valves......Page 195 5.3.9 Pilot-Operated Directional Control Valves......Page 196 5.4.1 Spring-Loaded Direct-Operated Check Valves......Page 198 5.4.3 Pilot-Operated Check Valves Without External Drain Ports......Page 199 5.4.5 Double Pilot-Operated Check Valves......Page 201 5.5 Flow Control Valves......Page 202 5.5.2 Sharp-Edged Throttle Valves......Page 203 5.5.3 Series Pressure-Compensated Flow Control Valves......Page 204 5.5.4 Parallel Pressure-Compensated Flow Control Valves—Three-Way FCVs......Page 207 5.5.5 Flow Dividers......Page 208 5.6 Exercises......Page 211 5.7 Nomenclature......Page 213 Conical Poppet Valves......Page 214 Cylindrical Poppets with Conical Seats......Page 215 Spherical Poppet Valves......Page 216 Circular Throttling Area......Page 219 Triangular Throttling Area......Page 220 Appendix 5B: Modeling and Simulation of a Direct-Operated Relief Valve......Page 221 Mathematical Modeling......Page 222 Static Characteristics......Page 224 Transient Response......Page 225 Nomenclature......Page 227 6.1 Introduction......Page 230 6.2.1 Classification and Operation......Page 231 6.2.2 The Volumetric Capacity of Accumulators......Page 233 6.2.3 The Construction and Operation of Accumulators......Page 234 6.2.4 Applications of Hydraulic Accumulators......Page 239 6.3 Hydraulic Filters......Page 260 6.4.1 Piston-Type Pressure Switches......Page 261 6.4.2 Bourdon Tube Pressure Switches......Page 262 6.4.3 Pressure Gauge Isolators......Page 263 6.5 Exercises......Page 264 Appendix 6A: Smoothing Pressure Pulsations by Accumulators......Page 266 Appendix 6B: Absorption of Hydraulic Shocks by Accumulators......Page 269 Nomenclature and Abbreviations......Page 272 7.2 Hydraulic Cylinders......Page 274 7.2.1 The Construction of Hydraulic Cylinders......Page 275 7.2.2 Cylinder Cushioning......Page 276 7.2.4 Cylinder Buckling......Page 279 7.2.6 Classifications of Hydraulic Cylinders......Page 281 7.2.7 Cylinder Mounting......Page 284 7.2.8 Cylinder Calibers......Page 285 7.3.2 Parallel Piston Rotary Actuator......Page 287 7.4.1 Introduction......Page 288 7.4.2 Bent-Axis Axial Piston Motors......Page 289 7.4.3 Swash Plate Axial Piston Motors......Page 290 7.4.4 Vane Motors......Page 291 7.5 Exercises......Page 292 7.6 Nomenclature......Page 294 Appendix 7A: Case Studies: Hydraulic Circuits......Page 295 8.1 Construction and Operation......Page 304 8.2.1 The Steering Systems of Mobile Equipment......Page 306 8.2.2 Applications in Machine Tools......Page 307 8.2.3 Applications in Displacement Pump Controls......Page 308 8.3 The Mathematical Model of HSA......Page 309 8.4.2 Deducing the HSA Transfer Function Analytically......Page 312 8.5.1 Flow Characteristics......Page 315 8.5.2 Power Characteristics......Page 318 8.6 Exercises......Page 319 8.7 Nomenclature......Page 320 Appendix 8A: Modeling and Simulation of a Hydraulic Servo Actuator......Page 321 A Mathematical Model of the HSA......Page 322 Simulation of the HSA......Page 323 Nomenclature......Page 326 9.1 Introduction......Page 328 9.3 Electromagnetic Motors......Page 329 9.4.1 Single-Stage Servovalves......Page 334 9.4.2 Two-Stage Electrohydraulic Servovalves......Page 336 9.5 Servovalves Incorporating Jet Pipe Amplifiers......Page 347 9.6 Servovalves Incorporating Jet Deflector Amplifiers......Page 350 9.7 Jet Pipe Amplifiers Versus Nozzle Flapper Amplifiers......Page 353 9.8 Exercises......Page 354 10.2.1 Introducing Magnetic Circuits......Page 356 10.2.2 Magnetic Circuit of an Electromagnetic Torque Motor......Page 359 10.2.3 Analysis of Torque Motors......Page 360 10.3 Flapper Valves......Page 363 10.4 Modeling of an Electrohydraulic Servo Actuator......Page 365 10.5 Exercises......Page 370 10.6 Nomenclature......Page 371 Appendix 10A: Modeling and Simulation of an EHSA......Page 372 Numerical Values of the Studied System......Page 373 Torque Motors......Page 374 Single-Stage Electrohydraulic Servovalves......Page 375 Two-Stage Electrohydraulic Servovalves......Page 377 Electrohydraulic Servo Actuators (EHSAs)......Page 381 Appendix 10B: Design of P, PI, and PID Controllers......Page 384 11.2.1 Effects of Air Compressibility......Page 390 11.2.4 Other Peculiarities of Pneumatic Systems......Page 395 11.3.2 Basic Disadvantages of Pneumatic Systems......Page 396 11.4.2 Air Compressors......Page 397 11.4.4 Air Filters......Page 401 11.4.6 Pneumatic Control Valves......Page 402 11.5.3 Bidirectional Speed Control of a Single-Acting Cylinder......Page 408 11.5.4 OR Control of a Single-Acting Cylinder......Page 409 11.5.7 Logic NOT Control......Page 410 11.5.9 Bidirectional Speed Control of a Double-Acting Cylinder......Page 411 11.5.10 Unidirectional and Quick Return Control of a Double-Acting Cylinder......Page 412 11.5.11 Dual Pressure Control of a Double-Acting Cylinder......Page 414 11.5.15 Basic Positional Control of a Double-Acting Cylinder......Page 415 11.5.17 Electro-Pneumatic Logic OR......Page 419 11.5.18 Electro-Pneumatic Logic MEMORY......Page 420 11.6 Exercises......Page 421 11.7 Nomenclature......Page 422 References......Page 424 Index......Page 428 A......Page 430 C......Page 431 D......Page 432 E......Page 433 F......Page 434 G......Page 435 H......Page 436 K......Page 438 P......Page 439 R......Page 441 T......Page 442 Z......Page 443 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Develop high-performance hydraulic and pneumatic power systems Design, operate, and maintain fluid and pneumatic power equipment using the expert information contained in this authoritative volume. Fluid Power Engineering presents a comprehensive approach to hydraulic systems engineering with a solid grounding in hydrodynamic theory. The book explains how to create accurate mathematical models, select and assemble components, and integrate powerful servo valves and actuators. You will also learn how to build low-loss transmission lines, analyze system performance, and optimize efficiency. This title provides a detailed look at the theory and applications necessary for fluid power engineering. It helps readers to build a solid theoretical background, which will enable further study and analysis of static and dynamic performance of different fluid power elements and systems