Foundations on Rock : Engineering Practice, Second Edition

This second edition of the successful Foundations on Rock presents an up-to-date practical reference book describing current engineering practice in the investigation, design and construction of foundations on rock. An extra chapter on Tension Foundations has been included. The methods set out are readily applicable to high rise buildings, bridges, dams and structures subject to uplift and turning loads. Foundations on Rock differs from the many texts and handbooks on soil foundations in that it focuses on the effect of geology on the stability and settlement of rock foundations. While the intact rock may be strong, defects in the rock such as faults, joints and cavities, and the deterioration of the rock with time, will have a significant effect on foundation performance. Methods of detecting such defects are described, and their implications for foundation design and treatment are elaborated. Booknews Distributed in the US by VNR with ISBN 0-442-31337-3. The focus is on the effect of geology on the stability and settlement of rock foundations. While the intact rock may be strong, defects in the rock such as faults, joints, and cavities, and the deterioration of rock with time, will have a significant influence on foundation permanence. The methods of detecting such defects and accounting for them in design that are described here are applicable to high rise buildings, bridges, dams, and structures subject to uplift and overturning loads. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Foreword to first edition......Page 15 Introduction......Page 16 Introduction to first edition......Page 18 Notation......Page 20 Note......Page 22 1.1 Types of rock foundation......Page 23 1.1.1 Spread footings......Page 24 1.1.3 Tension foundations......Page 25 1.2.1 Settlement and bearing capacity failures......Page 26 1.2.3 Block failure......Page 27 1.2.4 Failure of socketed piers and tension anchors......Page 28 1.2.7 Reinforcement......Page 29 1.3 Structural loads......Page 30 1.3.1 Buildings......Page 31 1.3.2 Bridges......Page 32 1.4.1 Buildings......Page 33 1.4.2 Bridges......Page 34 1.4.3 Dams......Page 35 1.5.2 Dams......Page 36 1.6.1 Factor of safety analysis......Page 38 1.6.2 Limit states design......Page 39 1.6.4 Coefficient of reliability......Page 40 1.7 References......Page 47 2.1.1 Types of discontinuity......Page 49 2.1.2 Discontinuity orientation and dimensions......Page 51 2.2 Orientation of discontinuities......Page 52 2.3 Stereographic projection......Page 53 2.3.2 Pole density......Page 56 2.3.3 Great circles......Page 58 2.3.4 Stochastic modeling of discontinuities......Page 60 2.5 Kinematic analysis......Page 61 2.5.4 Friction cone......Page 63 2.6.1 Discontinuity orientation......Page 65 2.6.2 Discontinuity length and spacing......Page 67 2.7 References......Page 70 3.1 Range of rock strength conditions......Page 72 3.2 Deformation modulus......Page 74 3.2.1 Intact rock modulus......Page 75 3.2.2 Stress-strain behavior of fractured rock......Page 77 3.2.3 Size effects on deformation modulus......Page 80 3.2.4 Discontinuity spacing and modulus......Page 82 3.2.5 Modulus of anisotropic rock......Page 83 3.2.6 Modulus-rock mass quality relationships......Page 84 3.3 Compressive strength......Page 86 3.3.2 Compressive strength of fractured rock......Page 88 3.4.2 Shear strength of discontinuities......Page 93 3.4.3 Shear strength testing......Page 99 3.4.4 Shear strength of fractured rock......Page 102 3.5 Tensile strength......Page 104 3.6 Time-dependent properties......Page 105 3.6.1 Weathering......Page 106 3.6.2 Swelling......Page 108 3.6.3 Creep......Page 109 3.7 References......Page 114 4.1 Site selection......Page 119 4.1.1 Aerial and terrestrial photography......Page 120 4.1.2 Geophysics......Page 122 4.2.1 Standard geology descriptions......Page 125 4.2.2 Discontinuity mapping......Page 130 4.3.1 Diamond drilling......Page 132 4.3.2 Percussion drilling......Page 137 4.4 Ground water measurements......Page 138 4.4.1 Water pressure measurements......Page 140 4.4.2 Permeability measurements......Page 143 4.5.1 Modulus testing......Page 146 4.5.2 Direct shear tests......Page 154 5.1 Introduction......Page 160 5.2.1 Building codes......Page 162 5.2.2 Bearing capacity of fractured rock......Page 163 5.2.3 Recessed footings......Page 167 5.2.4 Bearing capacity factors......Page 168 5.2.6 Bearing capacity of shallow dipping bedded formations......Page 169 5.2.7 Bearing capacity of layered formations......Page 174 5.3 Bearing capacity of karstic formations......Page 175 5.3.1 Characteristics of solution features......Page 176 5.3.2 Detection of solution features......Page 177 5.3.3 Foundation types in karstic terrain......Page 179 5.4 Settlement......Page 185 5.4.1 Settlement on elastic rock......Page 186 5.4.2 Settlement on transversely isotropic rock......Page 191 5.4.3 Settlement on inelastic rock......Page 195 5.4.4 Settlement due to ground subsidence......Page 196 5.5.1 Stress distributions in isotropic rock......Page 197 5.5.2 Stress distributions in layered formations......Page 201 5.5.3 Stress distributions in transversely isotropic rock......Page 202 5.5.4 Stress distributions in eccentrically loaded footings......Page 204 5.6 References......Page 207 6.2 Stability of sliding blocks......Page 211 6.2.1 Deterministic stability analysis......Page 213 6.2.2 Probabilistic stability analysis......Page 217 6.3 Stability of wedge blocks......Page 218 6.4 Three-dimensional stability analysis......Page 223 6.5 Stability of toppling blocks......Page 224 6.6 Stability of fractured rock masses......Page 228 6.7.1 Seismic design......Page 231 6.7.2 Scour......Page 232 7.1 Introduction......Page 237 7.1.1 Dam performance statistics......Page 238 7.1.2 Foundation design for gravity and embankment dams......Page 239 7.1.3 Loads on dams......Page 240 7.1.4 Loading combinations......Page 241 7.2.1 Geological conditions causing sliding......Page 242 7.2.3 Water pressure distributions......Page 243 7.2.4 Stability analysis......Page 245 7.2.6 Examples of stabilization......Page 249 7.3 Overturning and stress distributions in foundations......Page 250 7.3.2 Stress and strain in foundations......Page 252 7.4.1 Introduction......Page 257 7.4.2 Measured motions of foundation rock......Page 258 7.4.3 Sliding stability and overturning under seismic loads......Page 259 7.4.4 Finite element analysis......Page 260 7.4.5 Earthquake displacement analysis......Page 261 7.5 Preparation of rock surfaces......Page 265 7.5.1 Shaping......Page 266 7.5.2 Cleaning and sealing......Page 267 7.5.4 Solution cavities......Page 268 7.6 Foundation rehabilitation......Page 269 7.6.2 Grouting, sealing and drainage......Page 270 7.6.4 Scour protection......Page 271 7.7 Grouting and drainage......Page 272 7.7.2 Grout types......Page 274 7.7.3 Mechanism of grouting......Page 275 7.7.4 Drilling method......Page 276 7.7.5 Hole patterns......Page 277 7.7.6 Grout mixes......Page 278 7.7.8 Grout pressures......Page 279 7.7.10 Permeability criteria for grouted rock......Page 281 7.7.12 Leaching......Page 283 7.7.13 Drainage......Page 285 8.1.2 Investigations for socketed piers......Page 291 8.2 Load capacity of socketed piers in compression......Page 293 8.2.2 Shear behavior of rock sockets......Page 294 8.2.3 Factors affecting the load capacity of socketed piers......Page 296 8.3.1 Side-wall shear resistance......Page 305 8.3.2 End-bearing capacity......Page 307 8.4.1 Settlement mechanism of socketed piers......Page 308 8.4.2 Settlement of side-wall resistance sockets......Page 309 8.4.3 Settlement of end loaded piers......Page 310 8.4.4 Settlement of socketed, end bearing piers......Page 311 8.5 Uplift......Page 316 8.5.1 Uplift resistance in side-wall shear......Page 317 8.5.2 Uplift resistance of belled piers......Page 318 8.6.1 Computing lateral deflection with p-y curves......Page 319 8.6.2 p-y curves for rock......Page 322 8.6.3 Socket stability under lateral load......Page 325 8.7 References......Page 326 9.1 Introduction......Page 332 9.2.1 Allowable working loads and safety factors......Page 333 9.2.2 Steel relaxation......Page 336 9.2.4 Applications of rigid bar anchors......Page 337 9.2.5 Applications of strand anchors......Page 339 9.2.6 Cement grout anchorage......Page 340 9.2.7 Resin grout anchorage......Page 346 9.3.1 Mechanics of load transfer mechanism between anchor, grout and rock......Page 348 9.3.2 Allowable bond stresses and anchor design......Page 351 9.3.3 Prestressed and passive anchors......Page 354 9.3.4 Uplift capacity of rock anchors......Page 355 9.3.7 Time-dependent behavior and creep......Page 364 9.3.8 Effect of blasting on anchorage......Page 366 9.4 Corrosion protection......Page 367 9.4.1 Mechanism of corrosion......Page 368 9.4.2 Types of corrosion......Page 369 9.4.3 Corrosive conditions......Page 371 9.4.4 Corrosion protection methods......Page 372 9.3.5 Corrosion monitoring......Page 374 9.5.1 Water testing......Page 375 9.5.2 Load testing......Page 376 9.5.3 Acceptance criteria......Page 378 10.2 Drilling......Page 382 10.2.1 Diamond drilling......Page 384 10.2.2 Percussion drilling......Page 385 10.2.3 Rotary drills......Page 387 10.2.4 Overburden drilling......Page 389 10.2.5 Large diameter drilling......Page 390 10.2.6 Directional drilling......Page 392 10.3 Blasting and non-explosive rock excavation......Page 395 10.3.1 Rock fracture by explosives......Page 396 10.3.2 Controlled blasting......Page 398 10.3.3 Blasting horizontal surfaces......Page 400 10.3.4 Ground vibration control......Page 401 10.3.5 Vibrations in uncured concrete......Page 405 10.3.6 Non-explosive excavation......Page 406 10.4.2 Surface preparation (2)......Page 408 10.4.4 Shotcrete (4)......Page 410 10.4.5 Shear keys (5)......Page 412 10.4.9 Drain holes (9)......Page 413 10.5.1 Components of contract documents......Page 414 10.5.2 Types of contract......Page 415 10.5.3 Rock excavation and reinforcement specifications......Page 416 I.3 Plotting great circles......Page 423 I.4 Lines of intersection......Page 424 I.5 Reference......Page 425 II.2.1 Rock material description......Page 427 II.2.2 Discontinuity description......Page 431 II.2.3 Infilling description......Page 434 II.2.4 Rock mass description......Page 435 II.2.5 Ground water......Page 438 II.4 References......Page 441 APPENDIX III Conversion factors......Page 444 Index......Page 447 This second edition of the successful Foundations on Rock presents an up-to-date practical reference book describing current engineering practice in the investigation, design and construction of foundations on rock. An extra chapter on Tension Foundations has been included. The methods set out are readily applicable to high rise buildings, bridges, dams and structures subject to uplift and turning loads.

Foundations on Rock differs from the many texts and handbooks on soil foundations in that it focuses on the effect of geology on the stability and settlement of rock foundations. While the intact rock may be strong, defects in the rock such as faults, joints and cavities, and the deterioration of the rock with time, will have a significant effect on foundation performance. Methods of detecting such defects are described, and their implications for foundation design and treatment are elaborated. Book Cover; Title; Contents; Foreword to first edition; Introduction; Introduction to first edition; Notation; Note; Characteristics of rock foundations; Structural geology; Rock strength and deformability; Investigation and in situ testing methods; Bearing capacity, settlement and stress distribution; Stability of foundations; Foundations of gravity and embankment dams; Rock socketed piers; Tension foundations; Construction methods in rock; Stereonets for handplotting of structural geology data; Quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses; Conversion factors; Index. Introductions. Notation. Note. Characteristics of Rock Foundations. Structural Geology. Rock Strength and Deformability. Investigation and In Situ Testing Methods. Bearing Capacity, Settlement and Stress Distribution. Stability of Foundations. Foundations of Gravity and Embankment Dams. Rock Socketed Piers. Tension Foundations. Construction Methods in Rock. Appendices. Index