FPGAs : world class designs

All the design and development inspiration and direction a harware engineer needs in one blockbuster book! Clive "Max" Maxfield renowned author, columnist, and editor of PL DesignLine has selected the very best FPGA design material from the Newnes portfolio and has compiled it into this volume. The result is a book covering the gamut of FPGA design from design fundamentals to optimized layout techniques with a strong pragmatic emphasis. In addition to specific design techniques and practices, this book also discusses various approaches to solving FPGA design problems and how to successfully apply theory to actual design tasks. The material has been selected for its timelessness as well as for its relevance to contemporary FPGA design issues.ContentsChapter 1 Alternative FPGA ArchitecturesChapter 2 Design Techniques, Rules, and GuidelinesChapter 3 A VHDL Primer: The EssentialsChapter 4 Modeling MemoriesChapter 5 Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and AnalysisChapter 6 Embedded ProcessorsChapter 7 Digital Signal ProcessingChapter 8 Basics of Embedded Audio ProcessingChapter 9 Basics of Embedded Video and Image ProcessingChapter 10 Programming Streaming FPGA Applications Using Block Diagrams In SimulinkChapter 11 Ladder and functional block programmingChapter 12 Timers *Hand-picked content selected by Clive "Max" Maxfield, character, luminary, columnist, and author*Proven best design practices for FPGA development, verification, and low-power*Case histories and design examples get you off and running on your current project Newnes FPGAs World Class Designs 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Preface 10 About the Editor 16 About the Contributors 18 Chapter 1: Alternative FPGA Architectures 22 1.1 A Word of Warning 23 1.2 A Little Background Information 23 1.3 Antifuse versus SRAM versus 25 1.4 Fine-, Medium-, and Coarse-Grained Architectures 32 1.5 MUX- versus LUT-Based Logic Blocks 33 1.6 CLBs versus LABs versus Slices 39 1.7 Fast Carry Chains 43 1.8 Embedded RAMs 44 1.9 Embedded Multipliers, Adders, MACs, Etc. 45 1.10 Embedded Processor Cores (Hard and Soft) 46 1.11 Clock Trees and Clock Managers 50 1.12 General-Purpose I/O 55 1.13 Gigabit Transceivers 58 1.14 Hard IP, Soft IP, and Firm IP 59 1.15 System Gates versus Real Gates 61 1.16 FPGA Years 64 Chapter 2: Design Techniques, Rules, and Guidelines 66 2.1 Hardware Description Languages 68 2.2 Top-Down Design 86 2.3 Synchronous Design 90 2.4 Floating Nodes 108 2.5 Bus Contention 109 2.6 One-Hot State Encoding 111 2.7 Design For Test (DFT) 113 2.8 Testing Redundant Logic 115 2.9 Initializing State Machines 117 2.10 Observable Nodes 118 2.11 Scan Techniques 119 2.12 Built-In Self-Test (BIST) 121 2.13 Signature Analysis 123 2.14 Summary 124 Chapter 3: A VHDL Primer: The Essentials 128 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 Entity: Model Interface 130 3.3 Architecture: Model Behavior 133 3.4 Process: Basic Functional Unit in VHDL 135 3.5 Basic Variable Types and Operators 136 3.6 Decisions and Loops 139 3.7 Hierarchical Design 144 3.8 Debugging Models 148 3.9 Basic Data Types 148 3.10 Summary 151 Chapter 4: Modeling Memories 152 4.1 Memory Arrays 153 4.2 Modeling Memory Functionality 156 4.3 VITAL_Memory Path Delays 189 4.4 VITAL_Memory Timing Constraints 193 4.5 Preloading Memories 193 4.6 Modeling Other Memory Types 198 4.7 Summary 214 Chapter 5: Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and Analysis 216 5.1 Introduction 217 5.2 Models for Sequential Machines 220 5.3 The Fully Documented State Diagram 224 5.4 The Basic Memory Cells 228 5.5 Introduction to Flip-Flops 239 5.6 Procedure for FSM (Flip-Flop) Design and the Mapping Algorithm 243 5.7 The D Flip-Flops: General 244 5.8 Flip-Flop Conversion: The T, JK Flip-Flops and Miscellaneous Flip-Flops 256 5.9 Latches and Flip-Flops with Serious Timing Problems: A Warning 269 5.10 Asynchronous Preset and Clear Overrides 271 5.11 Setup and Hold Time Requirements of Flip-Flops 273 5.12 Design of Simple Synchronous State Machines with Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops: Map Conversion 274 5.13 Analysis of Simple State Machines 286 5.14 VHDL Description of Simple State Machines 289 References 294 Chapter 6: Embedded Processors 296 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 A Simple Embedded Processor 297 6.3 Soft Core Processors on an FPGA 324 6.4 Summary 325 Chapter 7: Digital Signal Processing 326 7.1 Overview 327 7.2 Basic DSP System 328 7.3 Essential DSP Terms 329 7.4 DSP Architectures 329 7.5 Parallel Execution in DSP Components 333 7.6 Parallel Execution in FPGA 334 7.7 When to Use FPGAs for DSP 337 7.8 FPGA DSP Design Considerations 338 7.9 FIR Filter Concept Example 341 7.10 Summary 343 Chapter 8: Basics of Embedded Audio Processing 346 8.1 Introduction 347 8.2 Audio Sources and Sinks 350 8.3 Interconnections 358 8.4 Dynamic Range and Precision 359 8.5 Audio Processing Methods 370 References 384 Chapter 9: Basics of Embedded Video and Image Processing 386 9.1 Introduction 387 9.2 Broadcast TV-NTSC and PAL 390 9.3 Color Spaces 393 9.4 Digital Video 399 9.5 A Systems View of Video 404 9.6 Embedded Video Processing Considerations 416 9.7 Compression/Decompression 437 References 448 Chapter 10: Programming Streaming FPGA Applications Using Block Diagrams in Simulink 450 10.1 Designing High-Performance Datapaths using Stream-Based Operators 452 10.2 An Image-Processing Design Driver 453 10.3 Specifying Control in Simulink 463 10.4 Component Reuse: Libraries of Simple and Complex Subsystems 468 10.5 Summary 471 References 473 Chapter 11: Ladder and Functional Block Programming 474 11.1 Ladder Diagrams 476 11.2 Logic Functions 480 11.3 Latching 487 11.4 Multiple Outputs 489 11.5 Entering Programs 490 11.6 Function Blocks 492 11.7 Program Examples 500 Chapter 12: Timers 504 12.1 Types of Timers 505 12.2 Programming Timers 506 12.3 Off-Delay Timers 510 12.4 Pulse Timers 512 12.5 Programming Examples 514 Index 516 ISBN-13:,9781856176217 All the design and development inspiration and direction a harware engineer needs in one blockbuster book! Clive "Max" Maxfield renowned author, columnist, and editor of PL DesignLine has selected the very best FPGA design material from the Newnes portfolio and has compiled it into this volume. The result is a book covering the gamut of FPGA design from design fundamentals to optimized layout techniques with a strong pragmatic emphasis. In addition to specific design techniques and practices, this book also discusses various approaches to solving FPGA design problems and how to successfully apply theory to actual design tasks. The material has been selected for its timelessness as well as for its relevance to contemporary FPGA design issues.

Contents
Chapter 1 Alternative FPGA Architectures
Chapter 2 Design Techniques, Rules, and Guidelines
Chapter 3 A VHDL Primer: The Essentials
Chapter 4 Modeling Memories
Chapter 5 Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and Analysis
Chapter 6 Embedded Processors
Chapter 7 Digital Signal Processing
Chapter 8 Basics of Embedded Audio Processing
Chapter 9 Basics of Embedded Video and Image Processing
Chapter 10 Programming Streaming FPGA Applications Using Block Diagrams In Simulink
Chapter 11 Ladder and functional block programming
Chapter 12 Timers

*Hand-picked content selected by Clive "Max" Maxfield, character, luminary, columnist, and author
*Proven best design practices for FPGA development, verification, and low-power
*Case histories and design examples get you off and running on your current project All the design and development inspiration and direction a harware engineer needs in one blockbuster book! Clive'Max'Maxfield renowned author, columnist, and editor of PL DesignLine has selected the very best FPGA design material from the Newnes portfolio and has compiled it into this volume. The result is a book covering the gamut of FPGA design from design fundamentals to optimized layout techniques with a strong pragmatic emphasis. In addition to specific design techniques and practices, this book also discusses various approaches to solving FPGA design problems and how to successfully apply theory to actual design tasks. The material has been selected for its timelessness as well as for its relevance to contemporary FPGA design issues.ContentsChapter 1 Alternative FPGA ArchitecturesChapter 2 Design Techniques, Rules, and GuidelinesChapter 3 A VHDL Primer: The EssentialsChapter 4 Modeling MemoriesChapter 5 Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and AnalysisChapter 6 Embedded ProcessorsChapter 7 Digital Signal ProcessingChapter 8 Basics of Embedded Audio ProcessingChapter 9 Basics of Embedded Video and Image ProcessingChapter 10 Programming Streaming FPGA Applications Using Block Diagrams In SimulinkChapter 11 Ladder and functional block programmingChapter 12 Timers Hand-picked content selected by Clive'Max'Maxfield, character, luminary, columnist, and author Proven best design practices for FPGA development, verification, and low-power Case histories and design examples get you off and running on your current project All the design and development inspiration and direction a harware engineer needs in one blockbuster book! Clive "Max" Maxfield renowned author, columnist, and editor of PL DesignLine has selected the very best FPGA design material from the Newnes portfolio and has compiled it into this volume. The result is a book covering the gamut of FPGA design from design fundamentals to optimized layout techniques with a strong pragmatic emphasis. In addition to specific design techniques and practices, this book also discusses various approaches to solving FPGA design problems and how to successfully apply theory to actual design tasks. The material has been selected for its timelessness as well as for its relevance to contemporary FPGA design issues. Contents Chapter 1 Alternative FPGA Architectures Chapter 2 Design Techniques, Rules, and Guidelines Chapter 3 A VHDL The Essentials Chapter 4 Modeling Memories Chapter 5 Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and Analysis Chapter 6 Embedded Processors Chapter 7 Digital Signal Processing Chapter 8 Basics of Embedded Audio Processing Chapter 9 Basics of Embedded Video and Image Processing Chapter 10 Programming Streaming FPGA Applications Using Block Diagrams In Simulink Chapter 11 Ladder and functional block programming Chapter 12 Timers "All the design and development inspiration and direction a hardware engineer needs in one blockbuster book! Clive "Max" Maxfield renowned author, columnist, and editor of PL DesignLine has selected the very best FPGA design material from the Newnes portfolio and has compiled it into this volume. The result is a book covering the gamut of FPGA design from design fundamentals to optimized layout techniques with a strong pragmatic emphasis. In addition to specific design techniques and practices, this book also discusses various approaches to solving FPGA design problems and how to successfully apply theory to actual design tasks. The material has been selected for its timelessness as well as for its relevance to contemporary FPGA design issues."--BOOK JACKET