شکست هیدرولیکی: یک راهنمای مرجع (مسائل معاصر جهانی)

Overview: The use of fracking is a tremendously important technology for the recovery of oil and gas, but the advantages and costs of fracking remain controversial. This book examines the issues and social, economic, political, and legal aspects of fracking in the United States. Provides readers with a complete historical review of the origins, development, and expansion of the use of fracking. -- Explains the technical principles related to the use of fracking in clear, nontechnical language. -- Presents an unbiased review of the arguments for and against the use of fracking for the recovery of oil and gas. -- Supplies a summary of the history of the use of fracking in the United States Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 6 Copyright 7 Contents 8 Preface 16 1: Background and History 22 The Genesis of Fossil Fuels 26 Oil and Gas Resources 32 Terminology 37 Exploring for Oil and Gas 39 Drilling Technology 42 Petroleum Chemistry 46 A Brief History of Petroleum Exploration 49 The Petroleum Century 53 The Natural Gas Century 58 Hydraulic Fracturing 62 The History of Hydraulic Fracturing 63 Horizontal Drilling 68 Conclusion 70 References 71 2: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 82 Peak Oil and Gas: Still a Looming Threat or Only a Distant Fantasy? 82 The Global State of Affairs 87 Energy Independence for the United States 89 Benefits of Fracking 95 Direct Economic Benefits 95 Indirect Economic Benefits 98 Environmental Benefits 99 Opposition to Fracking 101 Problems Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing 103 Water Use 103 Water Contamination 106 Air Pollution 111 Earthquakes 115 Aesthetic and Related Disturbances 119 Laws and Regulations 120 Conclusion 131 References 132 3: Perspectives 150 Introduction 150 Separating Fact from Hype: Trudy E. Bell 150 Why Fracking Is Beneficial: Bruce Everett 155 The Urgent Need for Global Definition of Terms in the Reporting on Fracking and Seismic Activity: Gina Hagler 159 Fracking and the Future of Fresh Water: Michael Pastorkovich 164 Fracking by the Numbers: John Rumpler 168 Exploring Alternative Uses for Fracking Water: Lana Straub 173 Fracking Like It’s Your Job: Why Worker Safety in the Fracking Industry Is So Important: Laura Walter 177 Feeding the Fracking Workforce: How Worker Nutrition Supports Health, Safety, and Productivity: Christopher Wanjek 181 Food as Protection 181 What Workers Need, and What Workers Get 182 Return on Investment 184 References 185 4: Profiles 188 Introduction 188 American Gas Association 189 American Petroleum Institute 191 America’s Natural Gas Alliance 194 Chesapeake Climate Action Network 195 Consumer Energy Alliance 198 H. John Eastman (1905–1985) 200 Terry Engelder 203 Environment America 204 Food & Water Watch 206 Ground Water Protection Council 209 Erle P. Halliburton (1892–1957) 211 William Hart (1797–1865) 213 Independent Petroleum Association of America 215 Anthony R. Ingraffea (1947–) 219 International Energy Agency 221 Interstate Natural Gas Association of America 225 Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission 227 E. W. Marland (1874–1941) 230 Aubrey McClendon (1959–) 232 George Mitchell (1919–2013) 234 The National Association of Royalty Owners 237 No Fracked Gas in Mass 239 Edward A. L. Roberts (1829–1881) 242 The Endocrine Disruption Exchange 245 Tom L. Ward (1959–) 247 Waterkeeper Alliance 249 5: Data and Documents 254 Introduction 254 Data 254 Table 5.1 Chemicals Present in 652 Different Products Used by Hydraulic Fracturing Companies 255 Table 5.2 Discovered but Unproved Technically Recoverable Shale Gas and Oil Resources in the United States: Shale Oil Resources 256 Table 5.3 Estimated Number of Fracking Wells in the United States 257 Table 5.4 Water Used for Fracking 258 Table 5.5 Estimated Air Pollution Produced from Early Stages of Fracking (Drilling and Well Completion) in 2012 (tons) 258 Table 5.6 Estimated Risked Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resources In-Place and Technically Recoverable in 41 Countries as Assessed in 2013 259 Table 5.7 U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves 261 Documents 262 Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 262 Hydraulic Fracturing Exclusions 265 Safe Drinking Water Act, Public Law 113-103, Section 300h(d)(1) 265 Clean Water Act, Public Law 95-217, Sections 1326, 1342 266 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Public Law 94-580, 6921(b) 267 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; also known as the Superfund Act), Public Law 96-510, 9601 269 Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation vs. U.S. EPA, 118 F.3d 1467 (1997) 270 Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Study (2004) 271 ES-8 Did EPA Find Any Cases of Contaminated Drinking Water Wells Caused by Hydraulic Fracturing in CBM Wells? 272 Testimony Submitted to the House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources Washington, DC, June 18, 2009, Prepared by the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission on Behalf of the Nation’s Oil and Gas Producing States 273 Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources—Progress Report (2012) 275 Act 13, State of Pennsylvania (2012) 277 Robinson Township, et al. vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, (J-127A-D-2012) (2013) 279 Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act S.1135, 113th Congress, 1st Session (2013) 282 Powder River Basin Resource Council, Wyoming Outdoor Council, Earthworks, and Center for Effective Government (Formerly OMB Watch) vs. Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission and Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.,2014 WY 37 (2014) 285 Norse Energy Crop. vs. Town of Dryden et al. (2014) 287 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons (Such as Shale Gas) Using High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing in the EU (2014) 289 6: Resources for Further Research 294 Introduction 294 Books 294 Articles 303 Reports 315 Internet 321 7: Chronology 336 Glossary 346 Index 352 About the Author 358 The use of fracking is a tremendously important technology for the recovery of oil and gas, but the advantages and costs of fracking remain controversial. This book examines the issues and social, economic, political, and legal aspects of fracking in the United States. Hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wellsknown commonly as "fracking"has been in use in the United States for more than half a century. In recent years, however, massive expansion of shale gas fracturing across the nation has put fracking in the public eye. Is fracking a "win win" like its proponents say, or are there significant costs and dangers associated with the use of this energy production technology? This book examines fracking from all angles, addressing the promise of the United States becoming energy independent through the use of the process to tap the massive amounts of natural gas and oil available as well as the host of problems associated with frackinggroundwater contamination and increased seismic activity, just to mention twothat raise questions about the long-term feasibility of the process as a source of natural gas. The first part of the book provides a historical background of the topic; a review of technical information about fracking; and a detailed discussion of the social, economic, political, legal, and other aspects of the current fracking controversy. The second part of the book provides a host of resources for readers seeking to learn even more in-depth information about the topic, supplying a chronology, glossary, annotated bibliography, and profiles of important individuals and organizations. Written specifically for students and young adults, the content is accessible to readers with little or no previous knowledge regarding fracking. 24-hour cable news. Millions of Internet sites Information overload. How can we sort through the information? Assess the analyses? Trust the sources? A world of questions demands a library of answers. Contemporary World Issues covers the controversial topics that students, readers, and citizens want to res about, write about, and know more about. Book jacket