Frontmatter - The Telecommunications Handbook

A panel of renowned experts from around the world contributed to this authoritative handbook that covers the essential aspects of this most dynamic field of communications and networking activity. Edited by Dr. Kornel Terplan and Patricia Morreale - well known authorities in telecommunications- this important new handbook provides basic principles and definitions, details the tremendous advances in technology, outlines implementation techniques, and discusses the outstanding issues and key challenges faced by communications and networking specialists. The telecommunications topics addressed include: o Basic principles o Services on broadband networks o Signal processing and coding schemes o Mobile and wireless networks o DSL technologies o Digital video and multimedia o Quality of service o Regulation o Standards o Emerging technologies Exhaustive in scope and packed with diagrams, tables, and illustrations, The Telecommunications Handbook is an indispensable, detailed reference for engineers, analysts, managers, and students involved in a wide range of telecommunication and networking activities. The Telecommunications Handbook 8 Acknowledgments 3 Foreword 4 Editors-in-Chief 5 Contributors 7 Contents 8 C01.pdf 1 Contents -1 Telecommunications Services, Regulation, and Stand... 11 1.1Trends in Telecommunications 11 Growth of the Global Telecommunications Market 12 Increasing Network Complexity 12 Deregulation and Privatization 13 Communication Convergence 14 Customer Orientation 15 1.1.1 Telecommunications Services 16 1.1.1.1 History of Telecommunications Services Off... 16 1.1.1.2 Introduction of Multiple Suppliers 16 1.1.1.3 Categorizing Services 16 Service Value Levels 17 1.1.1.4 Examples of Services 18 Standardization of Services 19 1.1.1.5 Quality of Service 19 1.1.1.6 Current Developments in Telecommunications... 20 References 20 1.1.2 Telecommunications Service Offerings for Bus... 20 1.1.2.1 Introduction 20 1.1.2.2 Telecommunication Services as an Organizat... 21 1.1.2.2.1 The Professional Telecommunication End-User Perspective 21 Improving Business Processes 21 Improving Customer Service 21 Cost Reduction and Control 21 Competitive Edge 22 1.1.2.2.2 The Corporate Telecommunications Manager... 22 1.1.2.3 Telecommunications Services as a Business 22 1.1.2.3.1 Business Process Improvement 22 1.1.2.3.2 Cost Management and Control 23 1.1.2.3.3 Geographic Expansion 24 1.1.2.4 Organizing for Added Customer Value 24 1.1.2.4.1 Building a Telecommunications Solution 24 1.1.2.4.2 Telecommunications Solutions on the Mark... 25 1.1.2.4.3 Building the Value Proposition 26 1.1.2.4.4 Building the Value Chain 27 1.1.2.4.5 Aligning the Value Chain 28 1.1.2.5 Summary 30 References 31 1.1.3 An Enterprise Model for Organizing Telecommu... 31 1.1.3.1 Context and Objectives 31 1.1.3.2 The Enterprise Model 31 1.1.3.2.1 The Enterprise Map for a Telecommunicati... 31 How to read the enterprise map 33 Benefits and limitations 33 1.1.3.2.2 The Enterprise Economic Model for a Tele... 34 1.1.3.3 Trends and Issues in Customer-Interfacing ... 36 1.1.3.3.1 Introduction 36 1.1.3.3.2 Marketing 36 1.1.3.3.3 Service Offer Development 37 1.1.3.3.4 Sales 37 1.1.3.3.5 Client Contact/Operator Services 40 1.1.3.3.6 Billing 40 1.1.3.4 Fundamental Organizational Dilemmas for Te... 41 1.1.3.4.1 Marketplace Flexibility vs. Optimal Allo... 41 1.1.3.4.2 The Retail–Wholesale Dilemma 42 1.1.3.5 Conclusion 43 1.1.4 Growth Strategies for Telecommunications Ope... 44 1.1.4.1 Introduction: Turbulent Telecom Waters — N... 44 1.1.4.2 Elements of Telecommunications Strategies 46 1.1.4.3 Profiles of Growth Strategies 47 1.1.4.3.1 Growth Options for Incumbents 47 1.1.4.3.2 Growth Options for New Entrants 52 Common New Entrant Growth Strategies 55 Frequent New Entrant Strategic Problems 55 1.1.4.4 Conclusion: Core Competencies Required to ... 57 1.2 Regulation 59 1.2.1 Regulation Instruments from a Legal Perspective 59 1.2.1.1 Introduction 59 1.2.1.2 Distinctions between Telecommunications an... 59 1.2.1.3 Why Regulation of Telecommunications? 59 1.2.1.4 What Should Be Regulated in Telecommunicat... 60 1.2.1.5 The Level of Regulation 61 1.2.1.6 What Is Regulated? 62 1.2.1.6.1 Traditional Telecommunications Regulation 62 1.2.1.6.2 Contemporary Regulation in Telecommunica... 62 1.2.1.7 Regulation at the International Level 62 1.2.1.7.1 The International Telegraph Union 62 1.2.1.7.2 The International Telecommunications Uni... 63 1.2.1.7.3 Monopolism vs. Market Forces: The BT Cas... 63 1.2.1.7.4 The BT Case and Its Aftermath: A Green P... 64 1.2.1.7.5 GATS 64 1.2.1.7.6 Supranational and International Regulati... 65 1.2.1.8 Final Remarks 65 1.2.2 A Model for Assessing Regulation in a Countr... 65 1.2.2.1 Legal Framework for Competition 66 1.2.2.2 Regulatory Body 67 1.2.2.2.1 Purpose of a Regulatory Body 67 Two examples of the role of the regulatory body 67 Regulatory bodies in various countries 68 1.2.2.2.2 Categories of the Regulatory Body 68 Universal service example 71 1.2.2.2.3 Total Overview of the Scoring for the El... 72 1.2.2.3 Competition Active 74 1.2.2.4 Overview of the Regulatory Environment 74 1.2.2.5 New Developments in Regulatory Environment... 75 1.2.2.6 Summary 76 References 76 1.2.3 The World Trade Organization Agreement on Ba... 77 1.2.3.1 Introduction1 77 1.2.3.2 U.S. Regulation of Foreign Carrier Entry b... 77 1.2.3.3 World Trade Organization Agreement on Basi... 78 1.2.3.3.1 Substance of Promises Made in the Basic ... 79 1.2.3.3.2 Significance of Promises Made in the Bas... 80 1.2.3.3.3 Enforcement of the Basic Telecom Agreeme... 80 1.2.3.4 Explicit Implementation of the Basic Telec... 82 1.2.3.4.1 The FCC Stated and Unstated Goals 82 1.2.3.4.2 Open Entry Policies toward WTO Member Co... 82 1.2.3.4.3 The Benchmark Rates Order 83 1.2.3.4.4 Other Safeguards 83 1.2.3.4.5 Implications of the FCCs WTO Implementat... 84 1.2.3.5 Telecommunications Regulation in the U.S. ... 84 1.2.3.5.1 The Status Quo Ante — Before the Telecom... 84 1.2.3.5.2 Local Competition Requirements 85 1.2.3.5.3 Universal Service Fund Provisions of the... 86 1.2.3.5.4 FCC Implementation Proceedings 86 1.2.3.6 Regulation of Information Service Provider... 86 1.2.3.6.1 Comparably Efficient Interconnection Req... 87 1.2.3.6.2 Open Network Architecture Rules 87 1.2.3.6.3 Impact of the ’96 Act on Regulation of I... 87 Notes 88 1.2.4 Regulation in Non-WTO Countries: Overview of... 91 1.2.4.1 Introduction 91 1.2.4.2 The Old Paradigm 91 1.2.4.3 The Telecommunications Regulatory Environm... 91 1.2.4.3.2 Beyond 1990: A Paradigm Shift 92 1.2.4.4 Regional-Level Reform Activities 93 1.2.4.4.1 The African Information Society Initiati... 93 1.2.4.4.2 The African Green Paper 93 1.2.4.4.3 The Regional African Satellite Communica... 93 1.2.4.5 National-Level Reform Activities 94 1.2.4.5.1 The Direction of Reform 94 1.2.4.5.2 Nigeria 96 1.2.4.5.3 Highlights of Nigeria’s Telecommunicatio... 97 1.2.4.5.4 The Gambia 98 1.2.4.5.5 Vision 2020: A Program for National Deve... 99 1.2.4.6 Ghana 99 1.2.4.6.1 Privatization 100 1.2.4.6.2 Telecom Law Reform 100 1.2.4.7 Conclusion 101 1.2.5 Satellite Technology and Regulation 102 1.2.5.1 Satellites as a “Bent Pipe” 102 1.2.5.2 Achieving Interference-Free Operation 103 1.2.5.3 Staking Claims to the Orbital Arc 104 1.2.5.4 Limits on Licenses, Frequencies, and Orbit... 104 1.2.5.5 Allocating Satellite Frequencies 104 1.2.5.5.1 Spectrum Sharing 105 1.2.5.5.2 Signal Compression Technologies 105 1.2.5.5.3 Comparative Advantages of Satellites vs.... 106 1.2.5.5.4 Uniform Quality 106 1.2.5.5.5 Distance Insensitivity 106 1.2.5.5.6 Efficient Point-to-Multipoint Distributi... 106 1.2.5.5.7 Mobility and Ease in Reconfiguration 106 1.2.5.5.8 One-Stop Shopping 106 1.2.5.5.9 New Satellite Designs Embrace the Digita... 106 1.2.5.5.10 Other Design Improvements 107 1.2.5.6 Satellite Trends 107 1.2.5.6.1 A Changing Business Environment 108 1.2.5.6.2 Satellite Service without Frontiers 109 1.2.5.6.3 Service to a Mobile, Wireless, and Netwo... 109 1.2.5.6.4 Regulatory and Governmental Issues 110 1.2.5.6.5 Satellites in a Global Information Infra... 110 References 111 1.2.6 Regulation of Wireless Telecommunications in... 112 1.2.6.1 Assigning Licenses 112 1.2.6.1.1 Comparative Hearings 112 1.2.6.1.2 Lotteries 113 1.2.6.1.3 Auctions 113 1.2.6.2 Allocating Spectrum Bands 113 1.2.6.2.1 The Existing Allocation Process 113 1.2.6.3 Proposals to Improve the Allocation Proces... 114 1.2.6.4 Lessons in the U.S. Experience for Other C... 116 1.2.7 International Wireless Telecommunications Re... 117 1.2.7.1 Introduction: The Basis for Regulation 117 1.2.7.2 Wireless Competition and Market Liberaliza... 118 1.2.7.3 Licensing of Spectrum for Services 119 1.2.7.3.1 Spectrum Allocation 119 1.2.7.3.2 The Number of Licenses per Market 120 1.2.7.3.3 Operating Conditions 121 1.2.7.3.4 Licensee Selection 121 1.2.7.3.5 Comparative Evaluations 121 1.2.7.3.6 Costs and Benefits of Comparative Evalua... 123 1.2.7.4 Interconnection 124 1.2.7.4.1 Self-Provisioning of Infrastructure 125 1.2.7.4.2 Interconnection and Retail Pricing 126 1.2.7.4.3 International and National Roaming 126 1.2.7.5 Future Issues and Trends 126 1.2.7.6 Conclusion 128 Notes 129 Appendix 1.2.7A — Overview of the WTO Member Count... 132 Appendix 1.2.7B — Sample Table of Worldwide Mobile... 132 1.2.8 Universal Service Regulations in the U.S. an... 133 1.2.8.1 Introduction 133 1.2.8.2 The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and Uni... 134 1.2.8.2.1 Universal Service Prior to 1996 134 1.2.8.2.2 The Telecommunications Act of 1996 134 1.2.8.2.3 Reliance on the Marketplace 134 1.2.8.2.4 Antidiscrimination 135 1.2.8.2.5 A New Definition of Universal Service 135 1.2.8.2.6 Access to Basic and Advanced Technology 135 Notes 136 1.2.9 Number Portability 139 1.2.9.1 Introduction 139 1.2.9.1.1 Scope of Number Portability in the Local... 139 1.2.9.1.2 Regulatory and Market Drivers 140 12.9.1.3 Status of Number Portability Worldwide 140 North America 140 Asia/Pacific 141 1.2.9.1.4 Status of Standardization 141 ANSI 141 ETSI 141 1.2.9.2 Challenges for Implementation 141 1.2.9.3 Number Portability Basic Capabilities 142 1.2.9.3.2 General Number Portability Network Capab... 143 1.2.9.3.3 Specific Number Portability Capabilities... 143 1.2.9.4 Introduction Strategies 144 1.2.9.4.1 Temporary Solutions 145 1.2.9.4.2 Intermediate “Step-Up” Solutions 146 Query on Release with Call Screening 146 1.2.9.4.3 Target Solutions 147 1.2.9.5 Management and Customer Care 148 1.2.9.5.1 Service Ordering and Provisioning 149 1.2.9.5.2 Network Traffic Management 149 1.2.9.5.3 Billing and Accounting 149 1.2.9.5.4 Network Maintenance 149 1.2.9.6 Conclusion 149 Abbreviations 150 References 150 1.3 Standardization 150 1.3.1.1 Scope 150 1.3.1.2 Normalization and Standardization 151 1.3.1.3 Telecommunications and Information Systems... 152 1.3.1.4 Management, Control, and Maintenance of TC... 155 1.3.1.5 Models (Standards) Supporting the Manageme... 155 1.3.1.6 Models (Standards) 157 1.3.1.7 A Practical Approach 165 1.3.1.8 Summary and Conclusions 168 References 168 1.3.2 In the Trenches of the Browser Wars: Standar... 168 1.3.2.1 Information Product — A Choice 168 1.3.2.2 Access for Variety (Innovation) 169 1.3.2.3 Standards in the Real World 169 1.3.2.4 The IETF 170 1.3.2.5 Microsoft 171 1.3.2.6 Policy Lessons from the Real World 172 C02.pdf 1 Contents -1 Basic Communication Principles 174 2.1 Telecommunications Services Engineering: Defin... 174 2.1.1 Introduction to Telecommunications Services ... 174 2.1.2 Service Definition 175 2.1.3 Service Engineering Definition 175 2.1.4 Network Architectures 176 2.1.4.1 The Intelligent Network (IN) 176 2.1.4.2 The Telecommunications Management Network ... 178 2.1.4.3 Telecommunications Information Networking ... 180 2.1.4.4 Network Architectures Comparison 181 2.1.5 IN, TMN, TINA, and the Internet 182 2.1.5.1 IN and the Internet 182 2.1.5.2 TMN and the Internet 182 2.1.5.3 TINA and the Internet 183 2.1.6 Techniques 184 2.1.6.1. Open Distributed Processing 184 2.1.6.2 Mobile Agents 184 2.1.6.3 Other Techniques 185 2.1.7 Conclusion 185 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 2.2 Signaling in Telecommunications Systems 187 2.2.1 Introduction 187 2.2.2 Stimulus Signaling 188 2.2.3 Functional Signaling 189 2.2.3.1 Layered Protocols 189 2.2.3.2 Finite-State Machines and Call Models 190 2.2.3.3 Functional Call/Connection Control Protoco... 191 2.2.4 Functionally Distributed Control 193 2.2.4.1 Supplementary Services and Intelligent Net... 193 2.2.4.1.1 Intelligent Network Architecture 194 2.2.4.1.2 The Basic Call State Model 194 2.2.4.1.3 Remote Operations Protocols 195 2.2.4.1.4 Call Party Handling 196 2.2.4.2 Cellular Mobile Communications Services 196 2.2.4.3 B-ISDN and the Functional Separation of Ca... 198 2.2.5 Object-Oriented Signaling 199 2.2.5.1 Distributed Objects 200 2.2.5.1.1 What is Distributed Object Computing? 200 2.2.5.1.2 Object Request Brokers and Common Facili... 200 2.2.5.2 Telecommunication Information Network Arch... 200 2.2.5.3 Examples of Exploratory Work on Object-Ori... 201 2.2.6 Conclusions 202 References 203 2.3 Telecommunications Services on Broadband Netwo... 204 2.3.1 Introduction 204 2.3.2 Basics of ATM 205 2.3.2.1 Cell Assembly and Disassembly 205 2.3.2.2 ATM Adaptation Layer 206 2.3.2.3 Virtual Channel 207 2.3.2.4 Virtual Path (VP) 208 2.3.2.5 Physical Layer 210 2.3.3 Connection-Oriented Services 210 2.3.3.1 VC and VP Services 210 2.3.3.2 Virtual Path Group Services 211 2.3.4 Connectionless Service 212 References 212 2.4 Mobile and Wireless Telecommunications Network... 213 2.4.1 Introduction 213 2.4.2 The Key Technical Challenges 214 2.4.2.1 Channel Unreliability 214 2.4.2.2 Limited Bandwidth 216 2.4.2.3 Support for Mobility 217 2.4.3 Current Wireless Cellular Systems 218 2.4.3.1 First-Generation Cellular Systems 219 2.4.3.2 Second-Generation Cellular Systems 220 2.4.3.2.1 TDMA-Based Systems 220 2.4.3.2.2 IS-95 221 2.4.3.3 Cordless Systems 223 2.4.3.4 Personal Communications Services 223 2.4.3.5 Wireless Data 224 2.4.4 Wireless Local-Area Networks 225 2.4.4.1 Multiple Access Schemes 225 2.4.5 Third Generation and Beyond 227 2.4.5.1 Physical Layer and Error Control 227 2.4.5.2 Multiple Access 229 2.4.5.3 Quality of Service Support 230 2.4.5.4 Networking and Transport Issues 231 2.4.5.5 Wireless ATM 232 2.4.5.6 Energy and Power Management 232 2.4.5.7 Wireless Local Loop 232 2.4.5.8 The Role of Satellites 233 2.4.5.9 Toward Multimedia Radios 233 Abbreviations 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 Further Reading 237 C03.pdf 1 Contents -1 Communication Technologies 240 3.1 FDDI/CDDI and Real-Time Communications 241 3.1.1 Introduction 241 3.1.2 FDDI/CDDI Network Architecture 241 3.1.2.1 FDDI Specifications 241 3.1.2.2 Fault Management 242 3.1.2.3 CDDI 244 3.1.3 The Protocol and Its Timing Properties 244 3.1.3.1 The Network and the Message Models 245 3.1.3.2 Constraints 246 3.1.3.3 Timing Properties 246 3.1.4 Parameter Selection for Real-Time Applications 247 3.1.4.1 Synchronous Bandwidth Allocation 247 3.1.4.1.1 A Classification of Allocation Schemes 247 3.1.4.1.2 A Local Allocation Scheme 248 3.1.4.1.3 Schedulability Testing 248 3.1.4.2 Selection of Target Token Rotation Time 249 3.1.4.3 Buffer Requirements 251 3.1.5 Final Remarks 252 References 253 3.2 Multiple Access Communications Networks 254 3.2.1 Introduction 254 3.2.2 Features of Medium Access Control Systems 254 3.2.3 Layered Protocols and the MAC Sublayer 260 3.2.4 Categorization of Medium Access Control Procedures 260 3.2.5 Polling-Based Multiple Access Networks 265 3.2.6 Random Access Protocols 269 3.2.7 Multiple Access Schemes for Wireless Networks 272 3.2.8 Multiple Access Methods for Spatial-Reuse Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Communications Networks 274 3.2.9 Quality of Service–Based Integrated Services Multiple Access Communications Networks 277 Defining Terms 279 References 280 3.3 Digital Subscriber Line Technologies 281 3.3.1 Telephone Network Issues and Definitions 282 3.3.2 DSL Overview and Origins 283 3.3.2.1 HDSL 283 3.3.2.2 ADSL 283 3.3.2.3 RADSL 283 3.3.2.4 SDSL 284 3.3.2.5 IDSL 284 3.3.2.6 UADSL (or G.lite, UDSL, ADSL lite) 284 3.3.2.7 VDSL 284 3.3.3 DSL Standards and the Marketplace 284 3.3.4 DSL Equipment Overview 285 3.3.4.1 Network Access Premises Equipment 285 3.3.4.2 Central Site DSL Data Communications Equipment 285 3.3.4.3 Access Line Voice Services 286 3.3.5 DSL Engineering Issues and Applications 287 3.3.5.1 Local Loop Engineering Issues in Public Networks 287 3.3.5.2 DSL Line Encoding 287 3.3.5.2.1 CAP Encoding 287 3.3.5.2.2 DMT Encoding 288 3.3.5.3 Digital Line Performance in Typical Networks 288 3.3.5.3.1 Attenuation and Frequency 288 3.3.5.3.2 Cross Talk (NEXT/FEXT) among DSL Circuits 289 3.3.5.3.3 Asymmetry Improves Performance 289 3.3.5.4 Cross Talk Caused by Other Digital Services 290 3.3.5.5 Disturbance by RF Signals 290 3.3.5.6 Other Transmission Impairments 290 3.3.5.7 Future (VDSL) Engineering Issues 290 3.3.6 DSL Service Delivery and Applications 290 3.3.6.1 Data-Link Layer Protocols 291 3.3.6.2 DSL Applications 291 3.3.6.3 Service Switching 292 3.3.6.4 The Future of DSL 292 3.4 SONET and SDH 292 3.4.1 Introduction 292 3.4.2 SONET Frame 293 3.4.3 SONET Data Rates 293 3.4.4 Physical, Path, Line, and Section Layers 294 3.4.5 Overhead Byte Definitions 294 3.4.6 Synchronous Payload Envelope and Pointers 295 3.4.7 Virtual Tributaries 296 3.4.8 Scrambling 297 3.4.9 Synchronous Transport Signal Level-N (STS-N) 299 3.4.10 STS Concatenation 299 3.4.11 Transmission of ATM in SONET 300 3.4.12 Point-to-Point Protocol over SONET 301 3.4.13 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 302 3.4.14 Frame Structure 302 3.4.15 Synchronous Transfer Module-N (STM-N) 303 3.4.16 Administration Unit (AU), Tributary Unit (TU), and Virtual Container(VC) Definitions 303 3.4.17 Administrative Unit Pointer Mechanism 303 3.4.18 TU-3 Pointer Mechanism 303 3.4.19 TU-1/TU-2 Pointer Mechanism 304 3.4.20 Section Overhead 305 3.4.21 Mapping of Tributaries 305 3.4.22 Mapping of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Cells 307 3.4.23 Standards 309 Acknowledgments 309 References 309 Further Information 309 3.5 Wireless and Mobile Networks 310 3.5.1 The State of the Art in Wireless and Mobile Networks 310 3.5.2 The Enabling Technologies 312 3.5.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 312 3.5.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 313 3.5.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 313 3.5.2.4 The Cellular Principle 315 3.5.2.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cellular Systems 315 3.5.2.4.2 How the Reuse Factor Is Determined? 316 3.5.2.4.3 Improving the Capacity and Reducing the Interference in Cellular Systems 317 3.5.2.4.4 Cell Sizing — Microcellular/Picocellular Systems 317 3.5.2.5 Handoff, Handover, or Automatic Link Transfer (ALT) 318 3.5.3 Some Common Air Interfaces: AMPS, IS-54/136, IS-95, GSM 321 3.5.3.1 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 321 3.5.3.1.1 Detailed AMPS Channel Description 322 3.5.3.1.2 AMPS Signaling Formats 322 3.5.3.1.3 AMPS Mobile Power Levels 324 3.5.3.2 IS-54/136 — the U.S. Digital Cellular System 324 3.5.3.3 IS-95: CDMA Digital Cellular Standard 327 3.5.3.3.1 IS-95 — Forward Link 327 3.5.3.3.2 IS-95 — Reverse Link 328 3.5.3.4 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 328 3.5.4 Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks 332 3.5.5 Mobility in the Internet (Mobile IP) 334 3.5.5.1IP Mobility Support 335 3.5.5.2 Protocol Stack of Mobile IP 337 3.5.6 Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) 337 3.5.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks 341 References 342 C04.pdf 1 Contents -1 Video Communications 345 4.1 An Overview of Digital Video and Multimedia Te... 345 4.1.1 Introduction 345 4.1.2 Evolving Use of Digital Video in Corporate a... 348 4.1.2.1 Background on Corporate/Institutional Video Transmission 348 4.1.2.2 Business Video and Multimedia Applications... 351 4.1.2.2.1 Videoconferencing 354 4.1.2.2.2 Multimedia 355 4.1.2.3 Stored Digital Video 355 4.1.2.4 Broadcast Applications 357 4.2 ITU-T H.320/H.323 362 4.2.1 H.320 363 4.2.2 H.323 364 4.2.3 H.324 371 4.2.4 H.310 372 4.3 Basic Compression Concepts and the MPEG Family... 374 4.3.1 Digital Video Compression Overview 374 4.3.1.1 Compression Methods 375 4.3.1.2 Traditional Digital Video — Broadcast Qual... 376 4.3.1.3 Compression Algorithms in Common Use 378 4.3.1.4 A Short Discussion of DCT 381 4.3.2 JPEG and Motion JPEG 383 4.3.3 MPEG-1 384 4.3.4 MPEG-2 387 4.3.5 MPEG-4 389 4.4 MPEG-2 Standard Details 391 4.4.1 Part 1: Systems 391 4.4.2 Transport Stream 395 4.4.2.1 Transport Stream Coding Structure 397 4.4.3 Program Stream 398 4.4.4 Conversion between Transport Stream and Prog... 399 4.4.5 Packetized Elementary Stream 399 4.4.6 Timing Model 400 4.4.7 Conditional Access 400 4.4.8 Multiplex-Wide Operations 400 4.4.9 Individual Stream Operations (PES Packet Lay... 401 4.4.9.1 Demultiplexing 401 4.4.9.2 Synchronization 401 4.4.9.3 Relation to Compression Layer 402 4.5 QoS Issues and Video over the Internet 402 4.5.1 IP/Internet Background 402 4.5.2 Internet Protocol Suite 402 4.5.3 The Internet 402 4.5.4 QoS — Problems and Solutions 404 4.5.5 Protocols for QoS Support for Audio and Vide... 406 4.5.5.1 RSVP Applications 406 4.5.5.2 Real-Time Streaming Protocol Applications ... 407 4.5.5.3 Internet Stream Protocol Version 2 408 4.5.5.4 IP Multicast 410 4.5.5.5 Additional Information 411 References 411 Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 3 Foreword......Page 4 Editors-in-Chief......Page 5 Contributors......Page 7 Contents......Page 0 1.1Trends in Telecommunications......Page 11 Increasing Network Complexity......Page 12 Deregulation and Privatization......Page 13 Communication Convergence......Page 14 Customer Orientation......Page 15 1.1.1.3 Categorizing Services......Page 16 Service Value Levels......Page 17 1.1.1.4 Examples of Services......Page 18 1.1.1.5 Quality of Service......Page 19 1.1.2.1 Introduction......Page 20 Cost Reduction and Control......Page 21 1.1.2.3.1 Business Process Improvement......Page 22 1.1.2.3.2 Cost Management and Control......Page 23 1.1.2.4.1 Building a Telecommunications Solution......Page 24 1.1.2.4.2 Telecommunications Solutions on the Mark.........Page 25 1.1.2.4.3 Building the Value Proposition......Page 26 1.1.2.4.4 Building the Value Chain......Page 27 1.1.2.4.5 Aligning the Value Chain......Page 28 1.1.2.5 Summary......Page 30 1.1.3.2.1 The Enterprise Map for a Telecommunicati.........Page 31 Benefits and limitations......Page 33 1.1.3.2.2 The Enterprise Economic Model for a Tele.........Page 34 1.1.3.3.2 Marketing......Page 36 1.1.3.3.4 Sales......Page 37 1.1.3.3.6 Billing......Page 40 1.1.3.4.1 Marketplace Flexibility vs. Optimal Allo.........Page 41 1.1.3.4.2 The Retail–Wholesale Dilemma......Page 42 1.1.3.5 Conclusion......Page 43 1.1.4.1 Introduction: Turbulent Telecom Waters — N.........Page 44 1.1.4.2 Elements of Telecommunications Strategies......Page 46 1.1.4.3.1 Growth Options for Incumbents......Page 47 1.1.4.3.2 Growth Options for New Entrants......Page 52 Frequent New Entrant Strategic Problems......Page 55 1.1.4.4 Conclusion: Core Competencies Required to .........Page 57 1.2.1.3 Why Regulation of Telecommunications?......Page 59 1.2.1.4 What Should Be Regulated in Telecommunicat.........Page 60 1.2.1.5 The Level of Regulation......Page 61 1.2.1.7.1 The International Telegraph Union......Page 62 1.2.1.7.3 Monopolism vs. Market Forces: The BT Cas.........Page 63 1.2.1.7.5 GATS......Page 64 1.2.2 A Model for Assessing Regulation in a Countr.........Page 65 1.2.2.1 Legal Framework for Competition......Page 66 Two examples of the role of the regulatory body......Page 67 1.2.2.2.2 Categories of the Regulatory Body......Page 68 Universal service example......Page 71 1.2.2.2.3 Total Overview of the Scoring for the El.........Page 72 1.2.2.4 Overview of the Regulatory Environment......Page 74 1.2.2.5 New Developments in Regulatory Environment.........Page 75 References......Page 76 1.2.3.2 U.S. Regulation of Foreign Carrier Entry b.........Page 77 1.2.3.3 World Trade Organization Agreement on Basi.........Page 78 1.2.3.3.1 Substance of Promises Made in the Basic .........Page 79 1.2.3.3.3 Enforcement of the Basic Telecom Agreeme.........Page 80 1.2.3.4.2 Open Entry Policies toward WTO Member Co.........Page 82 1.2.3.4.4 Other Safeguards......Page 83 1.2.3.5.1 The Status Quo Ante — Before the Telecom.........Page 84 1.2.3.5.2 Local Competition Requirements......Page 85 1.2.3.6 Regulation of Information Service Provider.........Page 86 1.2.3.6.3 Impact of the ’96 Act on Regulation of I.........Page 87 Notes......Page 88 1.2.4.3 The Telecommunications Regulatory Environm.........Page 91 1.2.4.3.2 Beyond 1990: A Paradigm Shift......Page 92 1.2.4.4.3 The Regional African Satellite Communica.........Page 93 1.2.4.5.1 The Direction of Reform......Page 94 1.2.4.5.2 Nigeria......Page 96 1.2.4.5.3 Highlights of Nigeria’s Telecommunicatio.........Page 97 1.2.4.5.4 The Gambia......Page 98 1.2.4.6 Ghana......Page 99 1.2.4.6.2 Telecom Law Reform......Page 100 1.2.4.7 Conclusion......Page 101 1.2.5.1 Satellites as a “Bent Pipe”......Page 102 1.2.5.2 Achieving Interference-Free Operation......Page 103 1.2.5.5 Allocating Satellite Frequencies......Page 104 1.2.5.5.2 Signal Compression Technologies......Page 105 1.2.5.5.9 New Satellite Designs Embrace the Digita.........Page 106 1.2.5.6 Satellite Trends......Page 107 1.2.5.6.1 A Changing Business Environment......Page 108 1.2.5.6.3 Service to a Mobile, Wireless, and Netwo.........Page 109 1.2.5.6.5 Satellites in a Global Information Infra.........Page 110 References......Page 111 1.2.6.1.1 Comparative Hearings......Page 112 1.2.6.2.1 The Existing Allocation Process......Page 113 1.2.6.3 Proposals to Improve the Allocation Proces.........Page 114 1.2.6.4 Lessons in the U.S. Experience for Other C.........Page 116 1.2.7.1 Introduction: The Basis for Regulation......Page 117 1.2.7.2 Wireless Competition and Market Liberaliza.........Page 118 1.2.7.3.1 Spectrum Allocation......Page 119 1.2.7.3.2 The Number of Licenses per Market......Page 120 1.2.7.3.5 Comparative Evaluations......Page 121 1.2.7.3.6 Costs and Benefits of Comparative Evalua.........Page 123 1.2.7.4 Interconnection......Page 124 1.2.7.4.1 Self-Provisioning of Infrastructure......Page 125 1.2.7.5 Future Issues and Trends......Page 126 1.2.7.6 Conclusion......Page 128 Notes......Page 129 Appendix 1.2.7B — Sample Table of Worldwide Mobile.........Page 132 1.2.8.1 Introduction......Page 133 1.2.8.2.3 Reliance on the Marketplace......Page 134 1.2.8.2.6 Access to Basic and Advanced Technology......Page 135 Notes......Page 136 1.2.9.1.1 Scope of Number Portability in the Local.........Page 139 North America......Page 140 1.2.9.2 Challenges for Implementation......Page 141 1.2.9.3 Number Portability Basic Capabilities......Page 142 1.2.9.3.3 Specific Number Portability Capabilities.........Page 143 1.2.9.4 Introduction Strategies......Page 144 1.2.9.4.1 Temporary Solutions......Page 145 Query on Release with Call Screening......Page 146 1.2.9.4.3 Target Solutions......Page 147 1.2.9.5 Management and Customer Care......Page 148 1.2.9.6 Conclusion......Page 149 1.3.1.1 Scope......Page 150 1.3.1.2 Normalization and Standardization......Page 151 1.3.1.3 Telecommunications and Information Systems.........Page 152 1.3.1.5 Models (Standards) Supporting the Manageme.........Page 155 1.3.1.6 Models (Standards)......Page 157 1.3.1.7 A Practical Approach......Page 165 1.3.2.1 Information Product — A Choice......Page 168 1.3.2.3 Standards in the Real World......Page 169 1.3.2.4 The IETF......Page 170 1.3.2.5 Microsoft......Page 171 1.3.2.6 Policy Lessons from the Real World......Page 172 2.1.1 Introduction to Telecommunications Services .........Page 174 2.1.3 Service Engineering Definition......Page 175 2.1.4.1 The Intelligent Network (IN)......Page 176 2.1.4.2 The Telecommunications Management Network .........Page 178 2.1.4.3 Telecommunications Information Networking .........Page 180 2.1.4.4 Network Architectures Comparison......Page 181 2.1.5.2 TMN and the Internet......Page 182 2.1.5.3 TINA and the Internet......Page 183 2.1.6.2 Mobile Agents......Page 184 2.1.7 Conclusion......Page 185 References......Page 186 2.2.1 Introduction......Page 187 2.2.2 Stimulus Signaling......Page 188 2.2.3.1 Layered Protocols......Page 189 2.2.3.2 Finite-State Machines and Call Models......Page 190 2.2.3.3 Functional Call/Connection Control Protoco.........Page 191 2.2.4.1 Supplementary Services and Intelligent Net.........Page 193 2.2.4.1.2 The Basic Call State Model......Page 194 2.2.4.1.3 Remote Operations Protocols......Page 195 2.2.4.2 Cellular Mobile Communications Services......Page 196 2.2.4.3 B-ISDN and the Functional Separation of Ca.........Page 198 2.2.5 Object-Oriented Signaling......Page 199 2.2.5.2 Telecommunication Information Network Arch.........Page 200 2.2.5.3 Examples of Exploratory Work on Object-Ori.........Page 201 2.2.6 Conclusions......Page 202 References......Page 203 2.3.1 Introduction......Page 204 2.3.2.1 Cell Assembly and Disassembly......Page 205 2.3.2.2 ATM Adaptation Layer......Page 206 2.3.2.3 Virtual Channel......Page 207 2.3.2.4 Virtual Path (VP)......Page 208 2.3.3.1 VC and VP Services......Page 210 2.3.3.2 Virtual Path Group Services......Page 211 References......Page 212 2.4.1 Introduction......Page 213 2.4.2.1 Channel Unreliability......Page 214 2.4.2.2 Limited Bandwidth......Page 216 2.4.2.3 Support for Mobility......Page 217 2.4.3 Current Wireless Cellular Systems......Page 218 2.4.3.1 First-Generation Cellular Systems......Page 219 2.4.3.2.1 TDMA-Based Systems......Page 220 2.4.3.2.2 IS-95......Page 221 2.4.3.4 Personal Communications Services......Page 223 2.4.3.5 Wireless Data......Page 224 2.4.4.1 Multiple Access Schemes......Page 225 2.4.5.1 Physical Layer and Error Control......Page 227 2.4.5.2 Multiple Access......Page 229 2.4.5.3 Quality of Service Support......Page 230 2.4.5.4 Networking and Transport Issues......Page 231 2.4.5.7 Wireless Local Loop......Page 232 2.4.5.9 Toward Multimedia Radios......Page 233 Abbreviations......Page 234 References......Page 235 Further Reading......Page 237 Communication Technologies......Page 240 3.1.2.1 FDDI Specifications......Page 241 3.1.2.2 Fault Management......Page 242 3.1.3 The Protocol and Its Timing Properties......Page 244 3.1.3.1 The Network and the Message Models......Page 245 3.1.3.3 Timing Properties......Page 246 3.1.4.1.1 A Classification of Allocation Schemes......Page 247 3.1.4.1.3 Schedulability Testing......Page 248 3.1.4.2 Selection of Target Token Rotation Time......Page 249 3.1.4.3 Buffer Requirements......Page 251 3.1.5 Final Remarks......Page 252 References......Page 253 3.2.2 Features of Medium Access Control Systems......Page 254 3.2.4 Categorization of Medium Access Control Procedures......Page 260 3.2.5 Polling-Based Multiple Access Networks......Page 265 3.2.6 Random Access Protocols......Page 269 3.2.7 Multiple Access Schemes for Wireless Networks......Page 272 3.2.8 Multiple Access Methods for Spatial-Reuse Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Communications Networks......Page 274 3.2.9 Quality of Service–Based Integrated Services Multiple Access Communications Networks......Page 277 Defining Terms......Page 279 References......Page 280 3.3 Digital Subscriber Line Technologies......Page 281 3.3.1 Telephone Network Issues and Definitions......Page 282 3.3.2.3 RADSL......Page 283 3.3.3 DSL Standards and the Marketplace......Page 284 3.3.4.2 Central Site DSL Data Communications Equipment......Page 285 3.3.4.3 Access Line Voice Services......Page 286 3.3.5.2.1 CAP Encoding......Page 287 3.3.5.3.1 Attenuation and Frequency......Page 288 3.3.5.3.3 Asymmetry Improves Performance......Page 289 3.3.6 DSL Service Delivery and Applications......Page 290 3.3.6.2 DSL Applications......Page 291 3.4.1 Introduction......Page 292 3.4.3 SONET Data Rates......Page 293 3.4.5 Overhead Byte Definitions......Page 294 3.4.6 Synchronous Payload Envelope and Pointers......Page 295 3.4.7 Virtual Tributaries......Page 296 3.4.8 Scrambling......Page 297 3.4.10 STS Concatenation......Page 299 3.4.11 Transmission of ATM in SONET......Page 300 3.4.12 Point-to-Point Protocol over SONET......Page 301 3.4.14 Frame Structure......Page 302 3.4.18 TU-3 Pointer Mechanism......Page 303 3.4.19 TU-1/TU-2 Pointer Mechanism......Page 304 3.4.21 Mapping of Tributaries......Page 305 3.4.22 Mapping of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Cells......Page 307 Further Information......Page 309 3.5.1 The State of the Art in Wireless and Mobile Networks......Page 310 3.5.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 312 3.5.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 313 3.5.2.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cellular Systems......Page 315 3.5.2.4.2 How the Reuse Factor Is Determined?......Page 316 3.5.2.4.4 Cell Sizing — Microcellular/Picocellular Systems......Page 317 3.5.2.5 Handoff, Handover, or Automatic Link Transfer (ALT)......Page 318 3.5.3.1 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)......Page 321 3.5.3.1.2 AMPS Signaling Formats......Page 322 3.5.3.2 IS-54/136 — the U.S. Digital Cellular System......Page 324 3.5.3.3.1 IS-95 — Forward Link......Page 327 3.5.3.4 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)......Page 328 3.5.4 Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks......Page 332 3.5.5 Mobility in the Internet (Mobile IP)......Page 334 3.5.5.1IP Mobility Support......Page 335 3.5.6 Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)......Page 337 3.5.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 341 References......Page 342 4.1.1 Introduction......Page 345 4.1.2.1 Background on Corporate/Institutional Video Transmission......Page 348 4.1.2.2 Business Video and Multimedia Applications.........Page 351 4.1.2.2.1 Videoconferencing......Page 354 4.1.2.3 Stored Digital Video......Page 355 4.1.2.4 Broadcast Applications......Page 357 4.2 ITU-T H.320/H.323......Page 362 4.2.1 H.320......Page 363 4.2.2 H.323......Page 364 4.2.3 H.324......Page 371 4.2.4 H.310......Page 372 4.3.1 Digital Video Compression Overview......Page 374 4.3.1.1 Compression Methods......Page 375 4.3.1.2 Traditional Digital Video — Broadcast Qual.........Page 376 4.3.1.3 Compression Algorithms in Common Use......Page 378 4.3.1.4 A Short Discussion of DCT......Page 381 4.3.2 JPEG and Motion JPEG......Page 383 4.3.3 MPEG-1......Page 384 4.3.4 MPEG-2......Page 387 4.3.5 MPEG-4......Page 389 4.4.1 Part 1: Systems......Page 391 4.4.2 Transport Stream......Page 395 4.4.2.1 Transport Stream Coding Structure......Page 397 4.4.3 Program Stream......Page 398 4.4.5 Packetized Elementary Stream......Page 399 4.4.8 Multiplex-Wide Operations......Page 400 4.4.9.2 Synchronization......Page 401 4.5.3 The Internet......Page 402 4.5.4 QoS — Problems and Solutions......Page 404 4.5.5.1 RSVP Applications......Page 406 4.5.5.2 Real-Time Streaming Protocol Applications .........Page 407 4.5.5.3 Internet Stream Protocol Version 2......Page 408 4.5.5.4 IP Multicast......Page 410 References......Page 411

A panel of renowned experts from around the world contributed to this authoritative handbook that covers the essential aspects of this most dynamic field of communications and networking activity. Edited by Dr. Kornel Terplan and Patricia Morreale - well known authorities in telecommunications- this important new handbook provides basic principles and definitions, details the tremendous advances in technology, outlines implementation techniques, and discusses the outstanding issues and key challenges faced by communications and networking specialists.
The telecommunications topics addressed include:
•Basic principles o Services on broadband networks o Signal processing and coding schemes o Mobile and wireless networks o DSL technologies o Digital video and multimedia o Quality of service o Regulation o Standards o Emerging technologies Exhaustive in scope and packed with diagrams, tables, and illustrations, The Telecommunications Handbook is an indispensable, detailed reference for engineers, analysts, managers, and students involved in a wide range of telecommunication and networking activities.

..includes an enormous body of basic communications theory and concepts covering integration of communications forms, video communications, regulation, standardization, and customer care.

This handbook provides basic principles and definitions, details advances in technology, outlines implementation techniques, and discusses the challenges faced by communications and networking specialists. The 30 papers address such topics as services on broadband networks, signal processing and coding schemes, mobile and wireless networks, DSL technologies, digital video and multimedia, regulations and standards. The mix of policy makers, regulators, manufacturers, operating companies and academia offers a balanced picture of the current operating environment and emerging technologies against the historical background of the telecommunications industry.