Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Provides a true introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which has become the dominant research technique in cognitive neuroscience. Although there is extraordinary interest in fMRI among researchers, instructors, and students alike, its instruction has faced a set of challenges. Existing texts are targeted toward practicing scientists in the field, and assume a level of expertise not possessed by most students. Furthermore, most students do not have access to fMRI equipment and data, so they have no opportunity to gain hands-on experience. This textbook overcomes these limitations by presenting a comprehensive overview of all aspects of fMRI, designed with undergraduate students, graduate students, and beginning researchers in mind. Cover 1 Half Title 3 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Dedication 7 Brief Contents 8 Contents 9 Preface 15 Media & Supplements 19 Chapter 1 An Introduction to fMRI 21 What Is fMRI? 23 History of fMRI 36 Organization of the Textbook 45 Chapter 2 MRI Scanners 51 How MRI Scanners Work 51 MRI Safety 64 Chapter 3 Basic Principles of MR Signal Generation 77 Nuclear Spins 79 Spins in an External Magnetic Field 80 Magnetization of a Spin System 83 Excitation of a Spin System and Signal Reception 84 Relaxation Mechanisms of the MR Signal 86 Conceptual Summary of MR Signal Generation 87 Common Terms and Notations 88 Nuclear Spins 89 Magnetic Moment 89 Angular Momentum 90 Spins in an External Magnetic Field 91 Energy Difference between Parallel and Antiparallel States 94 Magnetization of a Spin System 96 Excitation of a Spin System and Signal Reception 98 Relaxation Mechanisms of a Spin System 105 The Bloch Equation for MR Signal Generation 107 Chapter 4 Basic Principles of MR Image Formation 109 Slice Selection 111 Frequency Encoding 114 Phase Encoding 115 Summary of Image Formation (Conceptual Path) 117 Analysis of the MR Signal 120 Slice Selection, Spatial Encoding, and Image Reconstruction 127 D Imaging 138 Potential Problems in Image Formation 139 Chapter 5 MRI Contrast Mechanisms and Acquisition Techniques 143 Static Contrasts 144 Motion Contrasts 156 Image Acquisition Techniques 167 Chapter 6 From Neuronal to Hemodynamic Activity 179 Information Processing in the Central Nervous System 182 Cerebral Metabolism: Neuronal Energy Consumption 190 The Vascular System of the Brain 194 Blood Flow 200 The Coupling of Blood Flow, Metabolism, and Neuronal Activity 212 Chapter 7 BOLD fMRI: Origins and Properties 231 History of BOLD fMRI 232 The Growth of BOLD fMRI 236 The BOLD Hemodynamic Response 243 The Neural Correlates of BOLD Contrast 249 Spatial Resolution 258 Temporal Resolution of fMRI 265 Linearity of the Hemodynamic Response 275 Chapter 8 Signal, Noise, and Preprocessing of fMRI Data 291 Understanding Signal and Noise 292 Effects of Field Strength on fMRI Data 298 Sources of Noise in fMRI 303 Preprocessing 315 Functional–Structural Coregistration and Normalization 328 Temporal and Spatial Filtering 333 Chapter 9 Experimental Design 343 Principles of Experimental Design 344 Setting Up a Good Research Hypothesis 346 Good Practices in fMRI Experimental Design 352 Blocked Designs 353 Event-Related Designs 364 Chapter 10 Statistical Analysis I: Basic Analyses 383 Basic Statistical Tests 385 Regression Analyses 392 Corrections for Multiple Comparisons 408 Region-of-Interest Analyses 414 Intersubject Analyses 417 Displaying Statistical Results 424 Chapter 11 Statistical Analysis II: Advanced Approaches 431 Data Exploration Approaches 432 Between-Subjects Correlations 441 Functional Connectivity Approaches 446 Prediction Approaches 462 Chapter 12 Advanced fMRI Methods 483 The Constant Pursuit of Spatial Resolution 484 The Constant Pursuit of High Temporal Resolution 492 Advanced fMRI Contrast Mechanisms 496 Chapter 13 Combining fMRI with Other Techniques 505 Cognitive Neuroscience 505 Manipulating Brain Function 508 Measuring Brain Function 524 Chapter 14 The Future of fMRI: Practical and Ethical Issues 553 Interpreting and Presenting fMRI Data 555 Conducting fMRI Research 565 Applying fMRI to New and Controversial Topics 575 The Future of fMRI Research (and Your Role in It) 588 Glossary 595 Index 611 An Introduction To Fmri -- Mri Scanners -- Basic Principles Of Mr Signal Generation -- Basic Principles Of Mr Image Formation -- Mri Contrast Mechanisms And Acquisition Techniques -- From Neuronal To Hemodynamic Activity -- Properties Of The Fmri Bold Response -- Signal, Noise, And Preprocessing Of Fmri Data -- Experimental Design -- Statistical Analysis I: Basic Analysis -- Statistical Analysis Ii: Data-driven Approaches -- Advanced Fmri Methods -- Combining Fmri With Other Techniques -- The Future Of Fmri: Practical And Ethical Issues. Scott A. Huettel, Duke University, Allen W. Song, Duke University, Gregory Mccarthy, Yale University. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides a comprehensive introduction to fMRI. The Third Edition has been extensively updated, including a discussion of the physiological basis of fMRI and coverage of ethical and methodological controversies. Example are drawn from both seminal historical work and cutting-edge current research. This textbook provides a true introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging, which has become the dominant research technique in cognitive neuroscience