Functional MRI : Basic Principles and Clinical Applications

Drs. Scott H. Faro and Feroze B. Mohamed of Drexel University College of Medicine have succeeded in translating benchmark research on functional MRI into clinical applications for the non-scientist physician, providing those unfamiliar with fMRI physics with much needed background. This practical and timely volume presents an overview of the principles of fMRI and explains experimental research design, outlines the challenges and limitations of fMRI, provides a detailed neuroanatomic atlas, and describes the clinical applications of fMRI in cognitive, sensory, motor, and pharmacological cases. Contributors to this comprehensive text include internationally recognized neurologists, radiologists, and psychologists. Abundant illustrations, most in color, complete the book. Functional MRI Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Part I: BOLD Functional MRI 1: Principles of Functional MRI Introduction Physiological Changes Functional Imaging Contrasts T1 Weighted fMRI T2* and T2 Based fMRI Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Spatial and Temporal Resolution of fMRI Conclusions References 2: fMRI Scanning Methodologies General Overview Spin-Echo and Gradient-Echo Imaging Methods Echo Planar Imaging Methods Spiral-Echo Planar Imaging Methods References 3: Experimental Design and Data Analysis for fMRI Introduction Basic Types of Neuroimaging Inference Manipulation of the Cognitive Process Properties of the BOLD fMRI System That Impact Experimental Design Different Temporal Structures of BOLD fMRI Experiments Data Preprocessing Statistical Analysis References 4: Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations Introduction MR Physics-Based Limitations in fMRI Physiological Factors Influencing Spatial Resolution Sensitivity Summary References 5: Clinical Challenges of fMRI Introduction A Brief History of Clinical Brain Mapping Hemodynamic Basis of fMRI Maps Technical Considerations Study and Task Design Analysis Applying fMRI to Clinical Planning Relationship to Outcomes Conclusions References Part II: Neuroanatomical Atlas 6: Neuroanatomical Atlas Part III: fMRI Clinical Applications 7: Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive Neuroscience Historical Milestones That Enable Imaging of Cortical Processes That Underlie Mental Events Using MRI Hypothesis of Functional Specialization Identification and Preservation of Cortical Areas Specialized for Essential Tasks Determination of the Anatomy and Topography of Cortical Areas Specialized for Cognitive Tasks Integration of Functionally Specialized Areas Associated with Cognitive Tasks: The Network Approach Tests of Cognitive Theory Based on Mapping of Neural Correlates Integration of Temporal and Spatial Information to Map Executive Processes The Functional Neuroanatomy of Very High Level Cognitive Processes Acknowledgments References 8: Applications of fMRI to Psychiatry Introduction Functional MRI in Psychiatry Review of Affective Behavior Future Implications References 9: fMRI of Memory in Aging and Dementia Episodic Memory Age Related Changes in Episodic Memory Episodic Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Conditions Semantic Memory Working Memory Methodological Issues in the Use of fMRI in Aging and Dementia Research Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10: fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications Some Proposed Clinical Applications of fMRI Language Mapping Some Theoretical Principles Survey of Language Activation Protocols Reliability, Validation, and Outcome Prediction Studies Future Applications: Use of fMRI Language Maps in Surgical Planning References 11: fMRI Wada Test: Prospects for Presurgical Mapping of Language and Memory Introduction The IAT: History and Background Description of a Standardized IAT Protocol Replacement of the IAT with Functional Neuroimaging fMRI Language Paradigms and the IAT Case Examples of fMRI Language Activation fMRI Memory Paradigms and the IAT Case Examples of fMRI Memory Activation Methodological Issues in Creating fMRI Paradigms to Replace the IAT Conclusions and Future Directions: Can We Replace the IAT with fMRI? Acknowledgments References 12: fMRI of Epilepsy Introduction Special Issue in Patients with Epilepsy fMRI Applications in the Definition of Eloquent Cortical Areas in Epilepsy Malformations of Cortical Development Localization of the Epileptic Focus References 13: fMRI of the Visual Pathways Introduction Review of Current Clinical Applications of fMRI in Patients with Visual Disturbances Example fMRI Paradigms fMRI Technical Challenges Involved in the Applications Pertaining to the Authors’ Expertise Future Applications References 14: fMRI of the Auditory Cortex Introduction Anatomical Organization of the Central Auditory System Technical Challenges Involved in Auditory fMRI Example fMRI Paradigms Major Clinical Applications of Auditory fMRI Future Applications References 15: Pediatric Applications of fMRI Introduction fMRI Technical Challenges in Children Image Processing Statistical Analysis Current and Future Applications Language Mapping Motor Mapping ADHD Memory Conclusions References 16: fMRI of Clinical Pain Introduction Suitability of fMRI for the Study of Pain fMRI of Acute, Nonclinical Pain fMRI of Clinical Pain Challenges in Imaging Chronic and Clinical Pains Future Applications References 17: Pharmacological Applications of fMRI Introduction BOLD fMRI Basics Pertinent to Pharmacological Applications Acknowledgment References 18: Cognitive Neuroscience Applications Introduction Inference in Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Processes Issues in Functional MRI Experimental Design Types of Hypotheses Tested Using fMRI Integration of Multiple Methods Summary References 19: Clinical Overview and Future fMRI Applications Appendix: Independent Component Analysis and fMRI Imaging Introduction Review of Relevant Mathematical Concepts Independent Component Analysis ICA and fMRI Conclusions References Index

cellulose: Molecular And Structural Biology Is An Up-to-date Treatise On The Most Advanced And Provocative Research Into The Biosynthesis, Structure, And Applications Of Nature’s Most Abundant Macromolecule And Renewable Resource, Cellulose.

molecular, Biochemical, And Evolutionary Aspects Of Cellulose Biosynthesis Are Reviewed In A Variety Of Living Organisms, Including Cyanobacteria, Eubacteria, (acetobacter, Salmonella, And E. Coli), Vascular Plants (including Arabidopsis, Forest Trees, And Maize), And Tunicates.

phylogenetic Analysis, Molecular Genetics, And The Potential For Metabolic Engineering Are Also Presented.

novel Structural Approaches Include The Macromolecular Structure Of The Synthesizing Units, The Terminal Complexes As Well As The Cellulose Product In Its Many Forms Are Also Included. Novel Applications Using Cellulose Include Smart Materials, Carbonised Cellulose, And Biomedical Applications.

first Hand Information From The Leading Researchers Distinguishes This Work From Other Books On Cellulose.

Cellulose: Molecular and Structural Biology is an up-to-date treatise on the most advanced and provocative research into the biosynthesis, structure, and applications of Nature's most abundant macromolecule and renewable resource, cellulose. Molecular, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects of cellulose biosynthesis are reviewed in a variety of living organisms, including cyanobacteria, eubacteria, (Acetobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli), vascular plants (including Arabidopsis, forest trees, and maize), and tunicates. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular genetics, and the potential for metabolic engineering are also presented. Novel structural approaches include the macromolecular structure of the synthesizing units, the terminal complexes as well as the cellulose product in its many forms are also included. Novel applications using cellulose include smart materials, carbonised cellulose, and biomedical applications. First hand information from theleading researchers distinguishes this work from other books on cellulose. Cellulose: Molecular and Structural Biology is an up-to-date treatise on the most advanced and provocative research into the biosynthesis, structure, and applications of nature's most abundant macromolecule and renewable resource, cellulose. Molecular, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects of cellulose biosynthesis are reviewed in a variety of living organisms, including cyanobacteria, eubacteria, (Acetobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli), vascular plants (including Arabidopsis, forest trees, and maize), and tunicates. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular genetics, and the potential for metabolic engineering are also presented. Novel structural approaches include the macromolecular structure of the synthesizing units, the terminal complexes as well as the cellulose product in its many forms are also included. Novel applications using cellulose include smart materials, carbonised cellulose, and biomedical applications. First hand information from the leading researchers distinguishes this work from other books on cellulose Presents An Overview Of The Principles Of Fmri And Explains Experimental Research Design, Outlines The Challenges And Limitations Of Fmri, Provides A Detailed Neuroanatomic Atlas, And Describes The Clinical Applications Of Fmri In Cognitive, Sensory, Motor, And Pharmacological Cases. Abundant Illustrations, Most In Color, Complete The Book. Scott H. Faro, Feroze B. Mohamed, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References. Bogen giver et overblik over funktionel MRI (fMRI) og forklarer kerneområder som f.eks. procedurer, eksperimentelle designs og dataanalyse. Bogens diskussioner dækker både tekniske og kliniske aspekter og inkluderer bl.a. et neuroanatomisk atlas, der viser optagelser af den normale hjerne. I bogens sidste halvdel beskrives en række kliniske applikationer af fMRI i bl.a. kognitive, motoriske og farmakologiske tilfælde