Global Tea Breeding : Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives

__Global Tea Breeding: Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives__ provides a global review on biodiversity and biotechnology issues in tea breeding and selection. The contributions are written by experts from China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Turkey, Indonesia, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, Nigeria, and etc., which countries amount to 90% of the world tea production. This book focuses on the germplasm, breeding and selection of tea cultivars for the production of black, green and Oolong teas from the tea plant, __Camellia sinensis__ (L.) O. Kuntze. It can benefit the tea breeders in the global tea industry, as well as the breeders of other woody cash crops like coffee and other sub-tropical fruit trees. Liang Chen is a Professor and Associate Director at National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, China. Zeno Apostolides is a Professor at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Zong-Mao Chen is the Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a Professor at the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 8 Contributors......Page 16 Abbreviations......Page 19 1.1 Development of the Global Tea Industry......Page 21 1.2 Botanical Characteristics......Page 22 1.3 Genetics and Breeding......Page 24 1.4 Physiology and Biochemistry......Page 25 1.6 Tea and Human Health......Page 28 1.6.4 Reduction in Blood-Cholesterol and Prevention of CardiovascularDisorders......Page 29 1.6.5 Anticarcinogenic Activity......Page 30 References......Page 31 2Tea Germplasm and Breeding in China......Page 32 2.1.1 Historical Development of the Tea Industry......Page 33 2.1.2Location and Distribution of Tea Areas......Page 34 2.1.3Tea Production and Its Global Standing......Page 36 2.2.1.2Conservation......Page 38 2.2.2.1Descriptors of Tea Germplasm......Page 41 2.2.2.2Classification of Tea Germplasm......Page 45 2.2.2.3.1Evaluation of Morphological and Biological Traits......Page 47 2.2.2.3.2Evaluation of Bio-chemical Components......Page 48 2.2.2.3.4Tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses......Page 49 2.2.2.3.6Characterization Based on Molecular Markers......Page 50 2.2.2.3.7Identification and Expression Analysis of Functional Gene......Page 52 2.2.2.4Screening and Utilization of Elite Tea Genetic Resources......Page 54 2.3Tea Breeding and Selection Techniques......Page 56 2.3.1Breeding Techniques......Page 57 2.3.1.1Individual Selection......Page 58 2.3.1.3Mutation Breeding......Page 59 2.3.1.4Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)......Page 60 2.3.2.1Selection of Early Sprouting Tea Clones......Page 61 2.3.2.4Selection for High Resistance in Tea Clones......Page 62 2.3.3Local Adaptability Tests and Registration......Page 64 2.4Propagation and Extension System of New Cultivars......Page 70 2.4.1.2Propagation Based on Grafting......Page 71 2.4.1.3Micropropagation......Page 72 2.4.4The Intellectual Property Protection of New Cultivars......Page 73 2.5.1Precise Appraisal of Tea Germplasms......Page 74 2.5.3Marker-Assisted Selection......Page 75 2.6Conclusions......Page 76 References......Page 77 3 Breeding of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) in India......Page 88 3.1.1Historical Introduction to the Tea Industry......Page 89 3.1.2Global Standing......Page 91 3.1.3Type of Tea Produced......Page 93 3.1.4Climate......Page 95 3.2.1Collection and Conservation......Page 97 3.2.2Appraisal and Utilization......Page 103 3.2.3Assam Tea and Its Quality......Page 105 3.3.1Breeding Techniques......Page 106 3.3.1.1Breeding for Quality Planting Materials......Page 109 3.3.1.2Polyploid Breeding......Page 111 3.3.1.3Mutation Breeding......Page 113 3.3.1.4Molecular Characterization......Page 114 3.3.2.1Mature Bush Yield......Page 117 3.3.2.2Selection Criteria for Quality......Page 119 3.3.2.4Selection Criteria for Biotic Stress......Page 120 3.3.4Value Added Products and Cultivars Used......Page 121 3.4.1.2Cutting......Page 122 3.4.1.3Grafting......Page 124 3.4.1.4.1Micropropagation......Page 127 3.4.1.4.2Genetic Fidelity of the Micropropagated Plants......Page 133 3.4.3Strategy for Promotion of New Cultivars......Page 134 3.4.4Cultivar Specific Issues......Page 135 3.5.1R&D Institutions......Page 136 3.5.2Success Stories of Research in Breeding and Selection......Page 137 3.6Conclusions......Page 138 References......Page 139 4Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Breeding in Sri Lanka......Page 144 4.1.1Tea Growing Areas in Sri Lanka......Page 145 4.1.2Historical Introduction to Sri Lanka Tea......Page 146 4.1.3 Climate, Soil Conditions and Productivity Levels of TeaGrowing Area......Page 147 4.1.4Sri Lankan Tea Industry in the International Market......Page 149 4.1.5.1Regional Teas......Page 150 4.1.5.3Specialty Teas......Page 151 4.2Tea Germplasm Collection, Conservation and Appraisal......Page 152 4.2.2Collection and Conservation Efforts......Page 153 4.2.2.1Special Type of Germplasm......Page 154 4.2.2.3Biotechnological Approaches in Germplasm Conservation......Page 155 4.2.3.1Morphological Characterization......Page 156 4.2.3.2Isozyme Polymorphism and DNA-Based Characterization......Page 157 4.2.3.5Evaluation of Germplasm for Agronomically Important Traits......Page 158 4.2.3.7Facilitating Germplasm Utilization and Managerial Aspects......Page 159 4.2.4Germplasm Utilization......Page 160 4.2.5Germplasm Enhancement and Pre-Breeding......Page 161 4.3Tea Breeding and Selection......Page 162 4.3.2Conventional Breeding and Selection Program......Page 163 4.3.2.1Region Specific Tea Breeding Objectives......Page 165 4.3.2.2Stages of Tea Breeding and Selection......Page 166 4.3.2.3Controlled Hybridization......Page 167 4.3.2.4Biclonal and Polyclonal Seed Progenies as Alternative Planting Material......Page 168 4.3.3.1Yield......Page 169 4.3.3.2Quality of Made Tea......Page 170 4.3.3.4Constraints Faced by Breeders in the Selection Program......Page 171 4.3.4 Multi-Location Adaptability Trials and Recommended TeaCultivars......Page 172 4.3.6Non-Conventional Approaches to Tea Breeding......Page 177 4.3.7Application of Biotechnological Tools for Breeding......Page 178 4.3.8Genomics to Aid Tea Breeding......Page 179 4.4.1.1Vegetative Propagation......Page 180 4.4.1.3In Vitro Techniques for Propagation......Page 181 4.4.1.4Tea Seeds and Seed Gardens......Page 182 4.4.4Cultivar Specific Issues......Page 183 4.5Future Trends and Goals for Breeding and Selection......Page 184 4.5.3 Handling Climate Change......Page 185 4.5.5Application of Molecular Markers and Genomics......Page 186 4.5.5.3Return to Investment in New Breeding Technologies......Page 187 4.5.6Decentralized Approach in Cultivar Selection......Page 188 References......Page 189 5Tea Improvement in Kenya......Page 196 5.1.1Introduction of Tea to Africa......Page 197 5.1.2Introduction of Tea to Kenya......Page 198 5.1.4History of Tea Improvement in Kenya......Page 199 5.1.4.1Early Tea Improvement Activities Elsewhere......Page 202 5.2Collection, Appraisal and Utilization of Tea Germplasm......Page 203 5.2.1 The Collection and Introduction of Tea Cultivars......Page 204 5.3Current Tea Breeding Strategies......Page 205 5.3.1Breeding and Clonal Selection......Page 213 5.3.1.2Polyploidy Breeding......Page 216 5.3.1.4Breeding for Tolerance to Environmental Stress......Page 218 5.3.2Combining Abilities......Page 219 5.3.3 Registration for Plant Breeders’ Rights and Adoption ofNew Cultivars......Page 220 5.4Future Strategies and Opportunities......Page 222 5.4.1Tissue Culture......Page 223 5.4.3Genetic Transformation in Tea......Page 224 5.4.4Breeding for Medicinal Tea......Page 225 5.4.5Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) Mapping......Page 228 5.4.6From Conventional to Molecular Breeding......Page 229 5.4.7 Participatory Crop Improvement: Involvement of Farmersin Tea Improvement......Page 230 5.4.7.1Why PCI? Strategy and Justification......Page 231 5.4.7.2Success Cases of PCI......Page 232 5.4.7.3Situation of Tea Improvement in Relation to PCI in Kenya......Page 233 Acknowledgements......Page 235 References......Page 236 6.1The Japanese Tea Industry and Issues in Breeding......Page 246 6.2.2Marker-Assisted Selection......Page 255 6.1.2The Original Japanese Tea......Page 247 6.1.5Japan’s Major Tea-Growing Districts and Their Climate......Page 248 6.1.6Issues Facing the Japanese Tea Industry......Page 254 References......Page 257 7.1General Introduction to the Tea Industry of Vietnam......Page 259 7.1.1.2The Period from 1882 to 1945 (the Former French Colonial Period)......Page 260 7.1.1.5Period from 1990 to the present......Page 261 7.1.3Main Tea Products......Page 262 7.1.4Ecological Conditions of Some Main Tea Growing Regions......Page 263 7.2.1Tea Germplasm Plays Crucial Role in Tea Breeding......Page 265 7.2.2Situation of Collecting, Conservation and Evaluation......Page 266 7.3.2.1Individual Selection......Page 268 7.3.2.2Hybridization......Page 269 7.3.2.4Selection from Importing Cultivars......Page 270 7.3.3Some Newly Developed Tea Cultivars......Page 272 7.4.1.3Nursery Technique......Page 275 7.4.2.2Tea grafting Technique......Page 276 7.4.4The Targets of New Cultivar Development......Page 277 7.5.2Scientific Research Fields......Page 278 References......Page 279 8Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Breeding in Korea......Page 281 8.1.1Introduction to the History of Tea in Korea......Page 282 8.1.2Location of Natural Growth Tea......Page 283 8.1.3.1 Increasing Trends in the Cultivation Area, Production and PerCapita Consumption......Page 284 8.1.3.2High Consumer Price Due to High Production Cost......Page 286 8.1.4Type of Tea Produced and Technologies Used......Page 287 8.1.5.1Temperature......Page 288 8.1.5.2 Rainfall......Page 289 8.1.5.3Topography......Page 290 8.1.5.5 Environmental Characteristics of Major Domestic Production Areas......Page 291 8.2.1 Collection and Conservation......Page 292 8.2.2 The Genetic Diversity of the Korean Tea Population......Page 294 8.2.4 Appraisal and Utilization......Page 295 8.3.1 Breeding and Registration System for New Cultivars......Page 298 8.3.2Strategy of Shortening Tea Breeding Period......Page 299 8.3.3 Biotechnology of Tea Breeding......Page 300 8.3.3.1 Induced Multi-Shoots and Somatic Embryogenesis by Tissue Culture......Page 301 8.3.3.2 Gene Transformation of Tea Plants with Cold Tolerance Genes......Page 302 8.4 Propagation Techniques of New Cultivars......Page 303 8.5Conclusions......Page 304 References......Page 305 9.1General Introduction......Page 307 9.2Germplasm Collection and Evaluation......Page 308 9.2.2Present Status of Seedling and Clonal Cultivars......Page 309 9.2.3Prominent Tea Cultivars in Bangladesh......Page 310 9.2.4Stock of Tea in Cultivation in Bangladesh......Page 311 9.3.1Selection Criteria for Seed Cultivars......Page 312 9.3.4Mutation......Page 313 9.4Conclusions......Page 314 References......Page 315 10.1General Introduction......Page 316 10.1.2Tea Germplasm in Indonesia......Page 317 10.1.3The Development of Productivity......Page 318 10.2Improving Tea Estates Productivity......Page 320 10.3.1The Breeding of GMB Clones......Page 321 10.3.2The Discriminatory Characteristics of GMB Clones......Page 322 References......Page 324 11.1General Introduction to the Turkish Tea Industry......Page 326 11.1.2Historical Introduction to the Tea Industry......Page 327 11.1.3Global Standing of the Turkish Tea Industry......Page 329 11.1.4Type of Tea Produced and Technologies Used......Page 330 11.1.5Climate, Monthly Data on Rainfall and Temperature......Page 332 11.2Tea Germplasm Collection, Conservation and Appraisal......Page 333 11.3Tea Breeding and Selection Techniques......Page 334 11.3.2Selection Techniques Used for Yield, Resistance and Quality......Page 335 11.4.2Extension System......Page 336 References......Page 337 12Tea Improvement in Nigeria......Page 339 12.1.1Tea Production in Africa......Page 340 12.1.3 Type of Tea Produced and Its Economic Importance inNigeria......Page 341 12.1.4Tea Growing Climate in Nigeria......Page 343 12.3Tea Selection and Breeding......Page 344 12.3.1.2Clonal Selection for Lowland Adaptability......Page 347 12.3.1.3Overcoming Environmental Stress by Selection in Eucalyptus Intercrop......Page 348 12.3.1.4Selection of Tea Clones for Good Quality......Page 350 12.3.2Tea Breeding......Page 351 12.3.4Value Added Products and Cultivars Used......Page 352 12.4.1Propagation Techniques and Disease Control......Page 353 12.5.2Combining Ability......Page 354 12.6Conclusions......Page 355 References......Page 356 13 Genetics and Chemistry of the Resistance of TeaPlant to Pests......Page 359 13.1.1Insect Pests......Page 360 13.2.1 The Type of Resistance......Page 361 13.2.2 Resistant Tea Cultivars are Necessary to IPM......Page 362 13.3.1 Morphological Mechanism......Page 363 13.3.2 Physiological Mechanism......Page 365 13.3.3 Biochemical Mechanism......Page 366 13.4 Genetics of Resistance of Tea Plant to Diseases and InsectPests......Page 369 13.4.1 Phenotype and Genotype Analysis in Resistance Breeding......Page 370 13.5 Future Prospects......Page 372 References......Page 374 14 Germplasm and Breeding Research of Tea PlantBased on DNA Marker Approaches......Page 377 14.1Introduction......Page 378 14.2Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Variation......Page 379 14.4Molecular Identification and DNA Fingerprinting......Page 381 14.5Studies on Molecular PhylogeneticsA......Page 383 14.6Detection of Genetic Stability and Integrity......Page 384 14.7Establishment of Genetic Linkage Map......Page 385 14.8Prospects......Page 386 References......Page 387 Appendix......Page 393 Index......Page 395