Graphene and Its Fascinating Attributes

This Handbook explains basic concepts underlying electromagnetic properties of materials, addresses ways of deploying them in modern applications, and supplies pertinent data compiled for the first time in a single volume. Examples, including tables, charts, and graphs, are furnished from a practical applications view point of electromagnetic materials in various fields. These applications have grown enormously in recent years, pertinent to electromagnetic shields, radar absorbing materials, bioelectromagnetic phantoms, smart materials, electromagnetically active surfaces, exotic magnets, application-specific electrodes, and ferrites, etc Graphene, a single sheet of graphite, has an unconventional electronic structure that can be described in terms of massless Dirac Fermions. This interesting electronic feature is not only an important fundamental issue in condensed matter physics but also holds future promise in post-Si electronic/spintronics device applications. Graphene is the most fundamental building block, with which a variety of carbon-based materials such as graphite, fullerene and carbon nanotubes can be created. The diverse chemical, electronic and magnetic properties of nanographene and graphene are mainly due to their geometrical electronic structure. This book presents the frontiers of graphene research ranging from important issues in condensed matter physics and chemistry to advanced device applications. Read more... Ch. 1. Graphene : Synthesis, functionalization and properties / C. N. R. Rao ... [et al.] -- ch. 2. Synthesis and characterization of exfoliated graphene- and graphene oxide-based composites / K. R. Rasmi, K. Chakrapani and S. Sampath -- ch. 3. Singlet open-shell character of polyperiacenes / A. Shimizu ... [et al.] -- ch. 4. Doping of graphene : A computational study / A. K. Manna and S. K. Pati -- ch. 5. Vibrations and buckling of uni-axially strained graphene and BN-monolayer : A first-principles study / K. P. S. S. Hembram and U. V. Waghmare -- ch. 6. Raman spectroscopy of graphene edges / R. Saito -- ch. 7. Probing single and bilayer graphene field effect transistors by raman spectroscopy / A. Das, B. Chakraborty and A. K. Sood -- ch. 8. Phonons and electron-phonon interaction in graphene and nanotube / T. Ando -- ch. 9. Magnetic structures of edge-state spins in nanographene and a network of nanographene sheets / T. Enoki, V. L. J. Joly and K. Takai -- ch. 10. Electronic and transport properties of graphene nanoribbons / K. Wakabayashi -- ch. 11. Gate-voltage modulation in graphene / K. Tsukagoshi ... [et al.] -- ch. 12. Kondo physics in graphene / K. Sengupta -- ch. 13. Noise in graphene transistors / A. N. Pal and A. Ghosh -- ch. 14. Spin transport in single- and multi-layer graphene / M. Shiraishi ... [et al.] -- ch. 15. Quantum complexity in graphene / G. Baskaran Contents 10 Preface 6 Chapter 1 Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Properties C. N. R. Rao, K. S. Subrahmanyam, H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte and A. Govindaraj 18 1. Introduction 18 2. Synthesis 21 3. Functionalization and Solubilization 26 4. Surface Properties 29 5. Interaction with Electron Donor and Acceptor Molecules 30 6. Decoration of Graphene with Metal Nanoparticles 35 7. Magnetic Properties 36 8. Inorganic Graphene Analogues 38 References 44 Chapter 2 Synthesis and Characterization of Exfoliated Graphene- and Graphene Oxide-Based Composites K. R. Rasmi, K. Chakrapani and S. Sampath 50 1. Introduction 50 2. Experimental Section 51 2.1. Materials 51 2.2. Synthesis of exfoliated graphene oxide 51 2.3. Synthesis of EGO- Au-Ag alloy composites 51 2.3. Synthesis of GO-Co3O4 composite 52 2.4. Synthesis of EGO-RuOx composite 52 2.5. Materials characterization 53 3. Results and Discussion 53 3.1. Electrochemical detection of dopamine using graphene-alloy nanocomposites 55 3.2. Composites of exfoliated graphene oxide- and Co3O4 or RuOx 57 4. Summary 58 Acknowledgments 59 References 59 Chapter 3 Singlet Open-Shell Character of Polyperiacenes A. Shimizu, A. Konishi, Y. Hirao and T. Kubo 62 1. Introduction 62 2. Theoretical Consideration on Open-Shell Character 63 2.1. Clar’s aromatic sextet valence bond model 63 2.2. Quantum chemical method 66 2.3. Aromaticity of each ring 67 2.4. More extended ring system 68 3. Experimental Elucidation of the Smallest Polyperiacene 69 3.1. Geometrical consideration 69 3.2. Physical properties 70 4. Conclusion 71 Acknowledgments 72 References 72 Chapter 4 Doping of Graphene: A Computational Study A. K. Manna and S. K. Pati 76 1. Introduction 77 2. Computational Details 79 3. Metal Nanoclusters Graphene Complexes 80 4. Molecule-Graphene Complexes 84 5. Summary 89 Acknowledgments 90 References 90 Chapter 5 Vibrations and Buckling of Uni-Axially Strained Graphene and BN-Monolayer: A First-Principles Study K. P. S. S. Hembram and U. V. Waghmare 94 1. Introduction 94 2. Methods 95 3. Results 96 3.1. Structure 96 3.2. Phonons 97 3.3. Electronic structure 103 4. Conclusion 105 Acknowledgment 105 References 105 Chapter 6 Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Edges R. Saito 108 1. Introduction 108 2. Method 111 3. Calculated Raman Spectra 112 4. Discussion and Summary 115 Acknowledgments 116 References 116 Chapter 7 Probing Single and Bilayer Graphene Field Effect Transistors by Raman Spectroscopy A. Das, B. Chakraborty and A. K. Sood 122 1. Introduction 122 2. Vibrational Properties of Graphene 124 3. Raman Spectra of Graphene 125 4. Tuning the Fermi Energy by Field Effect Gating 129 4.1. Single layer top gating 130 4.2. Bilayer top gating 134 4.2.1. Conversion of VTG into EF 134 4.3. Theoretical calculations 137 4.3.1. Comparison between the experiment and theory (Bilayer) 144 4.3.2. Physical interpretation 144 5. Conclusions 147 Acknowledgments 147 References 148 Chapter 8 Phonons and Electron-Phonon Interaction in Graphene and Nanotube T. Ando 152 1. Introduction 152 2. Monolayer Graphene and Nanotube 152 3. Acoustic Phonon 153 4. Optical Phonon 155 5. Zone-Boundary Phonon 159 6. Spontaneous Lattice Distortion 161 7. Bilayer Graphene 161 Acknowledgments 164 References 165 Chapter 9 Magnetic Structures of Edge-State Spins in Nanographene and a Network of Nanographene Sheets T. Enoki, V. L. J. Joly and K. Takai 168 1. Introduction 168 2. Electronic Structure of Edge State and STM/STS Observations 170 3. Magnetic Properties of Nanographene and Nanographite 173 3.1. Effect of electron localization on the magnetism of the edge-state spins 174 3.2. Spin glass state in the nanographite network 179 4. Summary 181 Acknowledgments 182 References 182 Chapter 10 Electronic and Transport Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons K. Wakabayashi 184 1. Introduction 184 2. Electronic States of Graphene Nanoribbons 185 3. Electronic Transport Properties 186 3.1. One-way excess channel system 187 3.2. Perfectly conducting channel 190 3.3. Graphene nanoribbons with generic edge structures 191 4. Transport Properties through Graphene Junction 193 5. Summary 195 References 195 Chapter 11 Gate-Voltage Modulation in Graphene K. Tsukagoshi, H. Miyazaki, S.-L. Li, A. Kumatani, H. Hiura and A. Kanda 196 1. Introduction 196 2. Experimental 197 2.1. Quick and precise judgment method for number of layers 197 2.2. Device fabrication process 199 2.3. Top gate capacitance 201 2.4. Conductance control in graphene by dual gate voltages 202 Acknowledgments 203 References 203 Chapter 12 Kondo Physics in Graphene K. Sengupta 206 1. Introduction 206 2. Analysis of the Kondo Model 207 3. Experiments 213 4. Conclusion 214 References 214 Chapter 13 Noise in Graphene Transistors A. N. Pal and A. Ghosh 216 1. Introduction 216 2. The Correlated Number and Mobility Fluctuation Model 219 3. Experimental Section 223 3.1. Sample preparation and characterization 223 3.2. Noise characteristics in graphene based FET devices 224 3.3. Noise in dual gated BLG device 226 4. Conclusion 228 Acknowledgments 228 References 228 Chapter 14 Spin Transport in Single- and Multi-Layer Graphene M. Shiraishi, M. Ohishi, N. Mitoma, T. Takano, K. Muramoto, R. Nouchi, T. Nozaki, T. Shinjo and Y. Suzuki 232 1. Introduction 232 2. Experimental 233 3. Results and Discussion 235 Acknowledgments 241 References 241 Chapter 15 Quantum Complexity in Graphene G. Baskaran 244 1. Introduction 244 1.1. Complexity — Classical & quantum 246 1.2. Novel phenomena in graphene 248 2. Spin-1 Collective Mode 251 3. Relativistic Type Effects 258 4. Possibility of Room Temperature Superconductivity in Optimally Doped Graphene 265 5. Composite Fermi Sea 272 6. Two Channel Kondo Effect 280 7. Summary 283 Acknowledgment 283 References 283 9789814329354 World Scientific Publishing Co. Ch. 1. Graphene : Synthesis, Functionalization And Properties / C. N. R. Rao ... [et Al.] -- Ch. 2. Synthesis And Characterization Of Exfoliated Graphene- And Graphene Oxide-based Composites / K. R. Rasmi, K. Chakrapani And S. Sampath -- Ch. 3. Singlet Open-shell Character Of Polyperiacenes / A. Shimizu ... [et Al.] -- Ch. 4. Doping Of Graphene : A Computational Study / A. K. Manna And S. K. Pati -- Ch. 5. Vibrations And Buckling Of Uni-axially Strained Graphene And Bn-monolayer : A First-principles Study / K. P. S. S. Hembram And U. V. Waghmare -- Ch. 6. Raman Spectroscopy Of Graphene Edges / R. Saito -- Ch. 7. Probing Single And Bilayer Graphene Field Effect Transistors By Raman Spectroscopy / A. Das, B. Chakraborty And A. K. Sood -- Ch. 8. Phonons And Electron-phonon Interaction In Graphene And Nanotube / T. Ando -- Ch. 9. Magnetic Structures Of Edge-state Spins In Nanographene And A Network Of Nanographene Sheets / T. Enoki, V. L. J. Joly And K. Takai -- Ch. 10. Electronic And Transport Properties Of Graphene Nanoribbons / K. Wakabayashi -- Ch. 11. Gate-voltage Modulation In Graphene / K. Tsukagoshi ... [et Al.] -- Ch. 12. Kondo Physics In Graphene / K. Sengupta -- Ch. 13. Noise In Graphene Transistors / A. N. Pal And A. Ghosh -- Ch. 14. Spin Transport In Single- And Multi-layer Graphene / M. Shiraishi ... [et Al.] -- Ch. 15. Quantum Complexity In Graphene / G. Baskaran. Editors, Swapan K. Pati, Toshiaki Enoki, C.n.r. Rao. In November 2009, We Had A Successful India-japan Bilateral Meeting On Graphene At The Jncasr, Bangalore India--preface. Includes Bibliographical References.