Graphite intercalation compounds are a new class of electronic materials that are classified as graphite-based host guest systems. They have specific structural features based on the alternating stacking of graphite and guest intercalate sheets. The electronic structures show two-dimensional metallic properties with a large variety of features including superconductivity. They are also interesting from the point of two-dimensional magnetic systems. This book presents the synthesis, crystal structures, phase transitions, lattice dynamics, electronic structures, electron transport properties, magnetic properties, surface phenomena, and applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The applications covered include batteries, highly conductive graphite fibers, exfoliated graphite and intercalated fullerenes and nanotubes. Contents 10 1 Introduction 16 References 20 2 Synthesis and Intercalation Chemistry 22 2.1 Donor Intercalation Compounds 22 2.2 Ternary Intercalation Compounds 29 2.3 Acceptor Intercalation Compounds 44 2.4 Bi-intercalation Compounds 57 References 63 3 Structures and Phase Transitions 69 3.1 Overview and Definition 69 3.2 Liquid State in Stage-2 Alkali Metal GICs 75 3.3 Phase Transition in Stage-2 Alkali Metal GICs 78 3.4 In-Plane Structure Model in High-Stage Alkali Metal GICs 86 3.5 Liquid-Solid Transition in K GIC 93 3.6 Two-Dimensional Melting in Stage-1 Rb GIC 97 3.7 Staging Structure 101 3.8 Hendricks-Teller Stage Disorder 107 3.9 Fractional Stage 112 3.10 Stripe Domain Phase in Br[sub(2)] GIC 116 3.11 Phase Transition in SbCl[sub(5)] GIC 120 3.12 Ordering Kinetics 123 References 128 4 Lattice Dynamics 131 4.1 Phonon Dispersion in Alkali Metal GICs (Theory) 131 4.2 Phonon Dispersion in Alkali Metal GICs (Experiment) 135 4.3 Raman Scattering 140 4.4 Donor-Acceptor Graphite Bi-intercalation Compound 148 4.5 Intercalate Diffusion 149 References 154 5 Electronic Structures 156 5.1 Band Structure of Graphite, and Tight Binding Model for GICs 156 5.2 Acceptor GICs 168 5.3 Alkali Metal GICs 177 5.4 GICs with Novel Intercalates 191 References 199 6 Electron Transport Properties 203 6.1 In-Plane Electron Transport Process 203 6.2 c-Axis Conduction Process 211 6.3 Weak Localization 219 6.4 Transport Properties of Magnetic GICs 226 6.5 Superconductivity 232 References 245 7 Magnetic Properties 249 7.1 Overview 249 7.2 Stage-2 CoCl[sub(2)] GIC 251 7.3 Stage-2 MnCl[sub(2)] GIC 267 7.4 Stage-2 CuCl[sub(2)] GIC 279 7.5 Stage-2 FeCl[sub(3)] GIC 286 7.6 Stage-1 Eu GIC (EuC[sub(6)]) 296 7.7 Magnetic Ternary (Quaternary) GICs 302 References 303 8 Surface Properties and Gas Adsorption 307 8.1 Gas Physisorption in Alkali Metal GICs 307 8.2 Surface Properties and Monolayer 330 References 345 9 GICs and Batteries 349 9.1 Application of Intercalated Graphite in Primary Battery System 349 9.2 Secondary Battery Applications as Li Ion Battery 367 References 397 10 Highly Conductive Graphite Fibers 401 10.1 Introduction 401 10.2 Structure and Staging 402 10.3 Intercalate-Induced Enhancement of Conductivity 403 10.4 Stability of Intercalated Graphite Fibers 407 10.5 Fluorine-Intercalated Graphite Fibers with Ionic Bonding 408 10.6 Conclusions 411 References 413 11 Exfoliated Graphite Formed by Intercalation 416 11.1 Introduction 416 11.2 Structural Variation after the Exfoliation Process 417 11.3 Exfoliation Process 419 11.4 Exfoliated Graphite Fibers 420 11.5 Applications 421 11.6 Conclusions 425 References 425 12 Intercalated Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 427 12.1 Introduction 427 12.2 Preparation and Structure of Pristine and Intercalated Fullerenes 429 12.3 Preparation and Structure of Intercalated Carbon Nanotubes and Potential Applications 435 12.4 Conclusions 441 References 442 Index 446 A 446 B 447 C 447 D 448 E 448 F 448 G 449 H 449 I 449 J 450 K 450 L 450 M 450 N 451 O 451 P 451 Q 451 R 451 S 451 T 452 U 453 V 453 W 453 X 453 Z 453 There are two important features in the structure and electronic properties of graphite: a two-dimensional (2D) layered structure and an amphoteric feature (Kelly, 1981).
