Green Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Engineering 7

Discusses the latest results in academia and industry on green composites. Existing machinability problems like low processability and reduction of the ductility are addressed and discussed in relation to use of adhesion promoters, additives or chemical modification of the filler to overcome these problems. Recent industrial efforts to minimize the environmental impact, e.g. biodegradable polymer matrix, renewable sources complete the approach. Addresses the need for more environmental friendly and versatile polymer-based materials: polymer composites filled with natural-organic fillers, i.e. fillers coming from renewable sources and biodegradable. Cover Half Title Advanced Composites Series: Volume 7 Also of Interest Green Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Engineering Copyright Preface Contents List of contributing authors 1. Green composite materials from liquefied biomass 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Liquefaction technique 1.3 Foams 1.3.1 Polyurethane foams (PUFs) from liquefied lignocellulosics 1.3.2 Phenolic foam from liquefied lignocellulosics 1.4 Molding materials 1.4.1 Liquefied wood as replacement in novolac-type resin-based composites 1.4.2 Epoxy-type resins from liquefied biomass 1.5 Fibers 1.5.1 Fibers from liquefied lignocellulosics 1.5.2 Carbon and activated-carbon fiber from liquefied lignocellulosics 1.6 Films and coatings 1.6.1 Liquefaction of biomass for polyester production 1.6.2 Liquefied biomass as replacement for polyurethane films 1.6.3 Self-crosslinking film from liquefied biomass 1.7 Liquefied wood as replacement in fiber and ceramic 1.8 Conclusion References 2. Tribological aspects of natural fiber composites 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Significance of tribology in development of materials 2.3 Natural fiber composites 2.3.1 About natural fibers 2.3.2 Classification of natural fibers 2.3.3 Classification of green composites 2.3.3.1 Pure composites 2.3.3.2 Hybrid composites 2.3.3.3 Filler-based: Micro- and nanoparticles 2.3.4 Applications of natural fiber composites 2.4 Chemical modification of fiber surface-improving fiber-matrix adhesion 2.4.1 Alkaline treatment 2.4.2 Benzoyl chloride treatment 2.4.3 Permanganate treatment 2.5 Mechanical characteristics of natural fiber composites 2.5.1 Effect of micro- and nanofiller 2.5.2 Morphology of tensile tested composites 2.6 Tribological behavior of natural fiber composites 2.6.1 Measuring friction and wear Type of motion Load Velocity Temperature Test duration 2.6.2 Friction characteristics of natural fiber composites 2.6.3 Wear behavior of natural fiber composites 2.6.3.1 Erosion by hard particles 2.6.3.1.1 Effect of fillers on erosive wear 2.6.4 Post-test morphology and wear mechanism 2.6.5 Tribological anisotropy in natural fiber composites 2.7 Closure References 3. Development and characterization of novel fiber reinforced hybrid friction composites 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Research gap based on literature inference 3.1.2 Objectives of the present study 3.2 Materials and method 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.1.1 Basalt fiber 3.2.1.2 Aramid fiber 3.2.1.3 Recycled aramid fiber 3.2.2 Processing 3.2.3 Experimentation 3.2.3.1 Evaluation of tribological behaviors and optimum process parameters 3.2.3.1.1 Three-body abrasive wear test (routine test) 3.2.3.1.2 Experimental design 3.2.3.1.3 Data preprocessing 3.2.3.1.4 Grey relational coefficient and grey relational grade 3.2.3.1.5 Analysis of variance 3.2.3.1.6 Methodology to study optimum controlling parameters of three-body abrasive wear 3.2.3.1.7 Fade and recovery test 3.2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical analysis of basalt-recycled aramid fiber reinforced friction composites 3.3.1.1 Thermal and mechanical properties of hybrid friction composite 3.3.1.2 Thermogravimetric analysis 3.3.2 Abrasive wear behavior of basalt-recycled aramid fiber reinforced hybrid friction composites 3.3.2.1 Influence of fiber reinforcement and abrasive particle size on three-body abrasive wear of hybrid friction composites 3.3.2.1.1 Abrasive wear volume loss 3.3.2.1.2 Specific wear rate 3.3.2.1.3 Morphology of worn surfaces 3.3.2.2 Optimization of three-body abrasive wear behavior of basalt-recycled aramid fiber reinforced friction composites 3.3.2.2.1 Optimization of abrasive wear test parameters using grey relational analysis 3.3.2.2.2 Results of analysis of variance 3.3.2.2.3 Confirmation experiment 3.3.2.2.4 Correlation of optimum results with worn surface morphology 3.3.3 Fade and recovery behavior of basalt-recycled aramid fiber reinforced friction composites 3.3.3.1 Fade and recovery cycles of hybrid friction composites 3.3.3.2 Wear behavior of friction composites and brake drum 3.3.3.3 Worn surfaces morphology of hybrid friction formulations 3.4 Conclusion References 4. Machining defects in green composites Notation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Defects in drilling of NFRCs 4.2.1 Delamination in NFRCs 4.2.2 Mechanisms of delamination 4.2.2.1 Peel-up delamination 4.2.2.2 Push-out delamination 4.2.3 Methods of measuring delamination 4.2.4 Assessment of delamination 4.2.5 Delamination in NFRCs 4.2.5.1 Numerical prediction of delamination. 4.2.6 Geometrical errors Surface roughness Hole size error 4.2.7 Thermal damages 4.3 Machining defects in milling 4.3.1 Delamination in milling 4.3.1.1 Numerical prediction of delamination in milling 4.3.2 Geometrical errors Surface roughness 4.4 Machining defects in turning 4.5 Summary References 5. GUSMRC – From concept to structural application 5.1. Introduction 5.2 UHPFRCCs: Definition and constituent materials 5.3 POFA: definition and its applications in concrete production 5.3.1 UPOFA treatment procedure 5.4 GUSMRC definition, development, and its applications 5.4.1 Development process 5.4.1.1 Optimum mix constituents and properties of traditional UHPFRCC 5.4.1.2 Optimum mix constituents and properties of GUSMRC 5.4.2 Tensile behavior of GUSMRC 5.4.3 GUSMRC application 5.5 Conclusion 5.6 Recommendations for future research References Index