Green Energy and Infrastructure : Securing a Sustainable Future

C. S. Lewis rightly instructed, "The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, but to irrigate deserts." This book aims to achieve this task by pushing the frontiers of scholarship for securing a sustainable future through green energy and infrastructure. This encompasses the notion that what we create is in harmony and integration with both the spatial and temporal domains. Through numerous practical examples and illustrations, this book examines a comprehensive review of the latest science on indoor environmental health, energy requirements for buildings, and the "greening" of infrastructure. Also, it provides a discussion on the underlying properties of biomass and its influence on furthering energy conversion technologies. Energy storage is essential for driving the integration of renewable energy, and different storage approaches are discussed in terms of power balancing, grid stability, and reliability. Features: Focuses on the importance of coupling green energy with green infrastructure Provides an unbiased update of the state-of-the-art of sustainability science Discusses utilizing sustainable building materials for simultaneous improvement in energy, economic, and environmental bottom lines for industry Illuminates practical steps that need to be undertaken to achieve a greener infrastructure Green Energy and Infrastructure: Securing a Sustainable Future is appropriate for researchers, students, and decision-makers seeking the latest, practical information on environmental sustainability. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Energy for Buildings: Practices, Policies, and Prospects 1.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 1.1.1 Urbanization and Sustainability 1.2 Climate and Building Energy Services 1.3 Uses and Sources of Building Energy 1.3.1 Heating, Cooling, and Climate Zones 1.3.2 Increasing Demand for Cooling 1.3.3 Cooking 1.3.3.1 Cooking with Polluting Fuels 1.3.4 Lighting 1.3.5 Elevators 1.3.6 Energy Source Transition 1.4 Energy Efficiency 1.4.1 The Role of Building Materials 1.5 Energy Poverty and Security 1.6 Concluding Remarks—Building Energy in a Changing World References Chapter 2 Green Design Effectiveness for a Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Material Production and Properties 2.2.1 Material Production 2.2.2 Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Produced Material 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Analysis of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.1 The Projecting of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.2 The Wall Components Used in Analysis of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.3 Ecological and Climate Factors Affecting the Revit Analysis 2.4.4 The Assessment of Energy Performances of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility Analyzed by Autodesk Revit Architecture Simulation Program 2.4.4.1 Annual Energy Analysis of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.4.2 Monthly Energy Analysis of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.4.3 Annual Energy Cost of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.4.4 Monthly Energy Cost of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.4.4.5 Annual EUI Values of Mini Automotive-Repair Facility 2.5 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Green Hospitals and Sustainability: Case of Companion House of a Research Hospital 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Strategic Position of Firat University School of Medicinbe 3.3 Project Analysis of Companion House with Accommodation Facilities 3.3.1 Analysis in the Light of Project Criteria for Sustainability 3.3.2 Projecting in the Light of Green Hospital Criteria for Global Sustainability 3.3.3 Energy Efficiency Analysis for the Existing Building and the Building Designed According to Green Hospital Concept 3.3.3.1 Wall Components for the Existing Building and the Building Designed According to Green Hospital Concept 3.3.3.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture Simulation Software 3.3.3.2 Environmental and Climatic Factors Affecting the Analysis 3.3.3.3 The Evaluation of Analyzed Green and Existing Building by Autodesk Revit Architecture Simulation Program 3.4 Conclusions References Chapter 4 Indoor Environment and Well-Being: The Case of Academic Workplace in Historic Building 4.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 4.2 Indoor Environment-Related Well-Being 4.3 Case Study Object 4.3.1 Case Object—Technical College Building 4.3.2 Case Study Methods 4.3.2.1 Field Measurements 4.3.2.2 Numerical Method 4.3.2.3 Questionnaire Survey 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Indoor Temperature and Relative Humidity 4.4.2 CO[sub(2)] Concentration 4.4.3 Numerical Results 4.4.4 Questionnaire Survey 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 5 Properties and Conversion Technologies of Biomass 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Physical Properties of Biomass 5.2.1 Moisture Content 5.2.2 Particle Size 5.2.3 Density 5.2.4 Porosity 5.3 Chemical Properties of Biomass 5.3.1 Proximate Analysis 5.3.2 Ultimate Analysis 5.3.3 Heating Values 5.4 Exergy Properties of Biomass 5.4.1 Exergy of Biomass 5.4.2 Equations Used 5.4.3 Exergy Properties of Biomass 5.5 Conversion Technologies of Biomass 5.5.1 Physical Technologies 5.5.1.1 Densification 5.5.1.2 Physical Extraction 5.5.1.3 Distillation 5.5.2 Chemical Technologies 5.5.2.1 Solvent Extraction 5.5.2.2 Supercritical Extraction 5.5.2.3 Supercritical Water Conversion 5.5.3 Biochemical Technologies 5.5.3.1 Digestion 5.5.3.2 Hydrolysis 5.5.3.3 Fermentation 5.5.4 Thermochemical Technologies 5.5.4.1 Combustion 5.5.4.2 Gasification 5.5.4.3 Pyrolysis 5.5.4.4 Liquefaction 5.5.5 The Other Technologies 5.5.5.1 Aqueous-Phase Hydrodeoxygenation 5.5.5.2 Ultrasound Technology 5.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Wind Resource Forecasting Error in Flat and Complex Terrains 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic Theory 6.3 Different Terrains and Error Comparison 6.3.1 Mixed Topographies 6.3.2 Error Comparison Methodology 6.4 Case Studies in Different Terrains 6.4.1 Complex Topography 6.4.2 Flat Topography 6.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 7 Wind Power Forecasting via Deep Learning Methods 7.1 Introduction: Background Information about Wind Power Forecasting 7.2 Description of the Wind Power Forecast Methods 7.3 Deep Learning Overview 7.3.1 LSTM and GRU 7.3.2 DBN 7.4 Empirical Study 7.4.1 Data and Methodology 7.4.2 Empirical Results 7.5 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 8 Green Energy: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Tidal Storage 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Storage Technologies 8.2.1 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 8.2.1.1 Flywheel 8.2.1.2 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) 8.2.1.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 8.2.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems 8.2.2.1 Primary Batteries 8.2.2.2 Secondary Batteries 8.2.3 Chemical Energy Storage Systems 8.2.3.1 Hydrogen 8.2.3.2 Methane 8.2.3.3 Liquid Hydrocarbon 8.2.4 Electrical Energy Storage Systems 8.2.4.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (DLCs) 8.2.4.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storages (SMES) 8.2.5 Thermal Energy Storage Systems 8.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 9 New Energy Mining: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Abandoned Mines 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Electricity Production: From Coal to Renewable Energy 9.1.2 Electrical Energy Storage 9.2 New Energy Mining (21st Century) 9.2.1 Underground Energy Storage 9.2.2 Túnel-CAES, a Mining Solution to Store Sustainable Energy 9.3 Túnel-CAES. Case of Study 9.4 Conclusions References Web Sites Chapter 10 Hydrostatically Compensated Energy Storage Technology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Technical Description of the Hydrostatically Compensated CAES Technology 10.3 Energy Storage Capacity of HC-CAES Plants 10.4 Applications of HC-CAES Technology in the Generation of Sustainable Energy 10.5 Components of the HC-CAES Technology 10.5.1 Air Accumulators 10.5.2 Compressors and Expanders 10.5.3 Heat Exchangers and Thermal Energy Storage 10.6 Location of the HC-CAES Power Plants 10.7 Exergy Modeling 10.8 Challenges of HC-CAES Technology 10.8.1 Champagne Effect 10.8.2 Response Time of HC-CAES Systems 10.8.3 Air Leakage 10.8.4 Cavern Rock Fatigue 10.9 System Components Analysis 10.9.1 Energy Storage Capacity of HC-CAES Technology 10.9.2 Performance Analysis of Compressors in HC-CAES Plants 10.9.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Heat Exchangers in HC-CAES Plants 10.10 Exergy Analysis of the Offshore HC-CAES Energy Storage Technology 10.11 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Bioconstruction and Harmonic Complexity of Biomimicry Organisms 11.1 The Basics of Sustainable Habitat 11.2 A Sustainable Equitable Development for the South 11.3 The Sustainability of Architecture Development 11.4 Habitat’s Environmental Alterations 11.5 The Waste Issue 11.6 Conscious Eco-Architecture 11.7 The Ease of Building with Compressed Earth Block 11.7.1 Other Outstanding Properties of CEB 11.7.2 Generic Parameters for the Construction of a CEB Wall 11.8 Sustainable Ecobioconstructive Design 11.9 The Harmonic Complexity of Organicity 11.10 The School Projects 11.11 Earth School, a Case Study 11.11.1 Bioconstruction Technologies 11.12 Rammed Earth 11.13 CTB Domes 11.13.1 Characteristics of Natural Cement 11.13.2 Regulations 11.13.3 Comparative Costs of Execution 11.13.4 Environmental Sustainability 11.14 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Back to the Basics: Return to the Origin, Gaudí and Nature 12.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 12.2 Nature, What Else? 12.3 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Triple Bottom Line Analysis, Methodology, and Its Implement ation 13.1 Introduction to Triple Bottom Line Analysis 13.1.1 Environmental Sustainability 13.1.2 Social Sustainability 13.1.3 Economic Sustainability 13.2 A Case Study 13.2.1 Problem Description 13.2.2 Pyrolysis Process 13.2.3 Process of Intermediate Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw 13.2.4 Scenarios Considered for the Study 13.2.5 Intermediate Pyrolysis Process 13.2.6 Assumptions of the Study 13.2.7 Embedded Energy and Embedded Emission 13.2.8 Data Used in the Study 13.3 Assessment of Environmental Sustainability 13.4 Assessment of Social Sustainability 13.4.1 Important Elements of sLCA Model 13.4.1.1 Cooperatives 13.4.1.2 Knowledge Center 13.4.2 Goal and Scope of sLCA Study 13.4.3 Impact Assessment for Different Subcategory 13.4.3.1 Farm and Farmworkers 13.4.3.2 Local Community 13.4.3.3 Society 13.4.3.4 Value Chain Actor 13.4.3.5 Consumers 13.4.3.6 State 13.4.4 Impact Assessment Summary 13.5 Assessment of Economic Sustainability 13.5.1 Determination of Cost Component 13.5.2 Life Cycle Cost of Electricity Generation 13.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment Appendix 13.A1: Uncertainty and Sensitivity of the Data References Index "C.S. Lewis rightly instructed, "The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, but to irrigate deserts." This book aims to achieve this task by pushing the frontiers of scholarship for securing a sustainable future through green energy and infrastructure. This encompasses the notion that what we create is in harmony and integration with both the spatial and temporal domains. Through numerous practical examples and illustrations, the book examines a comprehensive review of the latest science on indoor environmental health, energy requirements for buildings, and the "greening" of infrastructure. Also, it provides a discussion on the underlying properties of biomass and its influence on furthering energy conversion technologies. Energy storage is essential for driving the integration of renewable energy, and different storage approaches are discussed in terms of power balancing, grid stability, and reliability. Features : Focuses on the importance of coupling green energy with green infrastructure, provides an unbiased update of the state-of-the-art of sustainability science, discusses utilizing sustainable building materials for simultaneous improvement in energy, economic, and environmental bottom lines for industry, and illuminates practical steps that need to be undertaken to achieve a greener infrastructure. Green energy and infrastructure : Securing a sustainable future is appropriate for researchers, students, and decision-makers seeking the latest, practical information on environmental sustainability"-- Provided by publisher