Green IT: Technologies and Applications : Technologies and Applications

This book is the first of its kind in presenting comprehensive technical issues and solutions for rapidly growing Green IT. It brings together in a single volume both green communications and green computing under the theme of Green IT, and presents exciting research and developments taking place therein in a survey style. Written by the subject matter experts consisting of an international team of recognized researchers and practitioners in the field, **Green IT: Technologies and Applications** will serve as an excellent source of information on the latest technical trend of Green IT for graduate/undergraduate students, researchers, engineers, and engineering managers in the IT (Electrical, Communications, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Science) as well as interdisciplinary areas such as sustainability, environment, and energy. The book comprises three parts: Green Communications, Green Computing, and Smart Grid and Applications. **Part I Green Communications** deals with energy efficient architectures and associated performance measures in wireless communications. It covers energy issues in PHY, MAC, Routing, Application layers and their solutions for a variety of networks. **Part II Green Computing** deals with various energy issues in data centers, computing clusters, computing storage, and associated optimization techniques. Energy management strategies are presented to balance between energy efficiency and required qualities of services. **Part III Smart Grid and Applications** presents an overview and research challenges for smart grid. Applications include modeling of urban pollutant for transportation networks, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture with long range radio, and Green IT standards. Cover......Page 1 A Markov Chain Approach to Describe Road Network Dynamics and Emissions......Page 3 Standards for Smart Grid......Page 5 Low-Power Adaptive MAC......Page 8 Key Interoperability Standards for Smart Grid......Page 11 Wideband Sensor Waveform (WSW): High-Data-Rate, Power-Efficient Radio for LES-WSN......Page 12 Two-Tier Architecture with High-Power, Low-Data-Rate Radio......Page 15 Introduction......Page 17 Applications......Page 18 Front Matter......Page 2 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions......Page 4 Standards for Smart Grid Communications Layer......Page 6 Time Synchronization......Page 7 References......Page 13 Green Interpretation of the Markov Chain Quantities......Page 9 Experimental Results......Page 14 Part 1Green CommunicationsTechnology......Page 16 One-Radio, Two-Tier Architecture for Duty-Cycled MAC Protocol......Page 10 Mobile Communications Service Architectures......Page 19 References......Page 20 Evolving Mobile/Cellular Architectures......Page 21 Energy Implications of Localized Access......Page 24 Compromise Programming......Page 25 Simulation Results......Page 26 Interference Tolerance......Page 28 References......Page 29 Interference Management......Page 27 Adjacent Band and Co-location Effects......Page 31 Security Technology Needs......Page 33 References......Page 34 Introduction......Page 37 Metrics and Evaluation of Energy Efficiency......Page 38 Optimization of Energy Efficiency......Page 40 Decrease the Equipment Usage......Page 41 Adjusting the Resource Allocation......Page 42 Information Theoretic Perspective......Page 43 Energy-Optimal Sensing-Transmission Tradeoff in Cognitive Radio Networks......Page 44 Technical Challenges......Page 47 Conclusions......Page 48 References......Page 49 Introduction......Page 51 Switching between Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity to Decrease Bit-Error-Rate (BER) for Fixed Rate MIMO Systems......Page 53 Physical (PHY) Layer Metric Based Techniques for Maximizing the Throughput......Page 54 Limited Work on Maximizing the Energy Efficiency for SISO and MIMO......Page 55 System Description......Page 56 Error Rate Prediction for BICM-MIMO-OFDM Systems......Page 58 Energy Consumption Model......Page 59 PPSNR Based Fast Link Adaptation Protocol......Page 62 Simulation Setup......Page 64 Results......Page 66 References......Page 68 Energy Saving in Wireless Networks......Page 70 Medium Access Control......Page 74 Access Control......Page 75 Power Management......Page 77 MAC Protocol Classification with Power Management Functions......Page 78 MAC for Asymmetric Single-Hop Networks......Page 79 MAC for Symmetric Multi-hop Networks......Page 84 Summary......Page 88 References......Page 89 Introduction......Page 92 The Unrestricted Epidemic Routing Scheme......Page 94 The Variance of Energy Consumption in UER......Page 96 Defining the Lifetime of an Epidemic-Routed Network......Page 97 Extending the Lifetime with RER Schemes......Page 98 The Exclusion Scheme (EX Scheme)......Page 99 The Limited Time Scheme (LT Scheme)......Page 100 The Limited Number of Copies Scheme (LC Scheme)......Page 101 The MDP Lifetime of the RER Schemes......Page 103 The LC Scheme with Residual Battery Information......Page 104 The MDP Lifetime......Page 105 Evaluation of Lifetime for Each Scheme......Page 106 Conclusion......Page 107 References......Page 108 Introduction......Page 110 System Model and Transmission Schemes......Page 112 The `Green' Solution......Page 113 Closed-Form Solutions......Page 115 Partitions in the Feasible Region......Page 116 The Least-Cost Solution......Page 118 Microeconomic Setting......Page 119 Strict Upper Bounds on the Value of Compensation......Page 121 Further Ramifications......Page 124 Modeling Pricing Strategies......Page 127 Sensitivity to Perturbations......Page 130 Interference Criterion......Page 133 Compromise Programming......Page 134 Simulation Results......Page 135 Conclusions......Page 137 References......Page 138 Cooperative Relay Scheduling in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks......Page 139 Introduction......Page 140 Energy Harvesting......Page 141 Cooperative Communication......Page 144 Optimal Scheduling for Relay Usage in Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting......Page 146 Basic Metric and Methodology......Page 147 An Upper Bound on the Performance......Page 148 MDP Formulation......Page 151 POMDP Formulation......Page 153 Simulation Results......Page 155 Conclusion......Page 158 References......Page 159 Introduction......Page 163 Related Work......Page 164 Organization......Page 165 Data Structure for Packet Forwarding......Page 166 Parallel Packet Forwarding......Page 167 Algorithms......Page 168 Implementation Issues......Page 170 Performance Evaluation......Page 171 Optimization Framework......Page 174 Implementation Issues......Page 177 Experimental Results......Page 178 Summary......Page 182 References......Page 183 Introduction......Page 185 Current Solutions......Page 186 Limitations of Current Solutions......Page 188 Energy Consumption in CPU......Page 191 Energy Consumption in Audio......Page 192 Network and the Effect of Video Quality during Streaming......Page 193 Analysis of Solutions......Page 194 Adaptive Streaming......Page 195 Dynamic Decoding......Page 196 Dynamic Screen Control......Page 197 Additional Techniques......Page 198 Summary......Page 199 Introduction......Page 202 Architectural Overview......Page 204 Generating Path Signatures and Map Tiles......Page 205 Generating Directional Trails......Page 206 Matching Path Signatures with Directional Trails......Page 208 Fallback Mechanisms......Page 209 Experimental Methodology......Page 210 Design Decisions and Parameter Choices......Page 212 Performance Evaluation......Page 215 Limitations and Future Work......Page 217 Related Work......Page 218 Conclusion......Page 221 Introduction......Page 222 Energy Efficiency in Networking Games......Page 223 How Efficient Are Energy-Efficiency Games?......Page 224 Energy-Efficiency Payoff Functions......Page 225 Energy-Efficiency Issues in Large-Scale Systems......Page 227 Learning under Perfect Monitoring......Page 228 The Current Full State Is Known by All the Players......Page 229 No State Component Is Known But a Distribution Is Available......Page 230 Dynamic State-Dependent Games......Page 231 Battery-State Dependent Energy-Efficiency Games......Page 232 Backoff-State Dependent Energy-Efficiency Games......Page 233 Energy Efficient Network Selection......Page 235 References......Page 237 Part 2Green Computing Technology......Page 238 Introduction......Page 239 Symmetric Data Center Topologies......Page 240 A Biology-Inspired Data Center Architecture: Scafida......Page 246 Nano Data Centers......Page 250 Energy Management Solutions......Page 251 Energy Efficiency Metrics......Page 252 References......Page 253 Introduction......Page 255 Hadoop Background......Page 256 Scale-Down......Page 257 Scale-Down Mandates......Page 259 Replica Placement......Page 260 Workload Scheduling......Page 261 Data Migration/Placement......Page 262 Case Study: GreenHDFS......Page 263 Variants of General GreenHDFS......Page 266 Evaluation......Page 268 Conclusion......Page 271 Introduction......Page 276 Related Work......Page 278 Optimization Introductory Notions......Page 279 An Anticipative Decentralized Oriented Dynamic Multi-objective Evolutionary Approach......Page 281 Computing vs. Communication Intensive Tasks......Page 282 Environment and System Nodes......Page 284 Local Scheduler......Page 285 Dynamic Energy-Efficient Optimization......Page 287 Strategies and Scenarios......Page 288 Experimentation and Results......Page 289 Conclusions......Page 294 Introduction......Page 297 Volatile Main Memory Component - DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)......Page 299 Permanent Storage Component - HDDs (Hard Disk Drives)......Page 303 Emerging Memory Technologies......Page 305 System-Level Approach for Energy Efficient Storage......Page 307 Dynamic Power Management......Page 308 Disk Arrays and Large Scale Storage Systems......Page 311 Compression, Deduplication......Page 313 References......Page 315 Introduction......Page 318 Environmentally Opportunistic Computing......Page 319 EOC Prototype......Page 320 Intelligent EOC......Page 321 Integration with OSG and NWICG......Page 322 Summary......Page 324 Part 3Smart Grid and Applications......Page 326 Introduction......Page 327 Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 328 Aging Infrastructure......Page 329 Reliability......Page 330 Conceptual Architecture and Key Enabling Technologies......Page 332 Technical Challenges......Page 334 Wide Area Measurement and Control Systems......Page 335 Dynamic Operation......Page 336 Importance of Standards......Page 337 Need for Coordination......Page 338 The NIST Framework......Page 339 Smart Grid Interoperability Panel......Page 341 Status of Development Around the World......Page 343 References......Page 344 Introduction......Page 347 Motivating Application Scenarios......Page 349 Research Challenges and Opportunities......Page 352 Towards Meeting the Research Challenges......Page 353 The Padres Publish/Subscribe System......Page 354 The Padres Language and Data Model......Page 355 The Padres Broker Overlay......Page 360 Historic Data Access Architecture......Page 361 Subscription Routing......Page 363 Conclusions......Page 364 References......Page 365 Introduction......Page 367 Semantic Information Integration......Page 370 Integrated Smart Grid Ontology Model......Page 372 Ingesting Information into Repository......Page 374 Cloud-Hosted Information Repository......Page 375 Semantic Complex Event Processing......Page 376 Semantic Event Modeling......Page 377 Reasoning over Realtime Events......Page 379 Semantic Information Integration......Page 380 Complex Event Processing......Page 381 Conclusion......Page 382 References......Page 383 Introduction......Page 387 A Markov Chain Approach to Describe Road Network Dynamics and Emissions......Page 389 A Primer on Markov Chains......Page 391 Mean First Passage Times and the Kemeny Constant......Page 392 From a Road Network Model to a Pollution Model......Page 393 Construction of the Markov Chain Transition Matrix......Page 394 The Role of Information Technology in the Model......Page 395 Examples......Page 396 Conclusions......Page 404 References......Page 405 Introduction......Page 407 Related Work......Page 412 Time Synchronization......Page 413 Low-Power Adaptive MAC......Page 414 One-Radio, Two-Tier Architecture for Duty-Cycled MAC Protocol......Page 416 Wideband Sensor Waveform (WSW): High-Data-Rate, Power-Efficient Radio for LES-WSN......Page 418 Experimental Results......Page 420 Two-Tier Architecture with High-Power, Low-Data-Rate Radio......Page 421 Experimental Results of WSW Prototype System......Page 423 Applications......Page 424 Summary......Page 425 References......Page 426 Standards for Green Communications......Page 429 International Telecommunication Union......Page 430 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions......Page 432 European Telecommunications Standards Institute......Page 433 Standards for Smart Grid Communications Layer......Page 434 Key Interoperability Standards for Smart Grid......Page 439 Summary......Page 441 Back Matter......Page 443 Annotation This book is the first of its kind in presenting comprehensive technical issues and solutions for rapidly growing Green IT. It brings together in a single volume both green communications and green computing under the theme of Green IT, and presents exciting research and developments taking place therein in a survey style. Written by the subject matter experts consisting of an international team of recognized researchers and practitioners in the field, Green IT: Technologies and Applications will serve as an excellent source of information on the latest technical trend of Green IT for graduate/undergraduate students, researchers, engineers, and engineering managers in the IT (Electrical, Communications, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Science) as well as interdisciplinary areas such as sustainability, environment, and energy. The book comprises three parts: Green Communications, Green Computing, and Smart Grid and Applications. Part I Green Communications deals with energy efficient architectures and associated performance measures in wireless communications. It covers energy issues in PHY, MAC, Routing, Application layers and their solutions for a variety of networks. Part II Green Computing deals with various energy issues in data centers, computing clusters, computing storage, and associated optimization techniques. Energy management strategies are presented to balance between energy efficiency and required qualities of services. Part III Smart Grid and Applications presents an overview and research challenges for smart grid. Applications include modeling of urban pollutant for transportation networks, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture with long range radio, and Green IT standards