High Yield Neuroanatomy 5

Now significantly revised based on student feedback, this best-selling text provides a quick, authoritative review of the most important clinical aspects of neuroanatomy. A new, full-color design highlights the essential information you need to know to excel on course exams and the USMLE Step 1. New objectives begin every chapter, contents have been reorganized and streamlined, and all information has been completely updated. A new Gross Structure chapter lays the foundation for understanding the sectional anatomy in the Atlas chapter, and all terminology is now consistent with Terminologia Anatomica HIGH-YIELD: Neuroanatomy, Fifth Edition 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 10 Preface 9 CHAPTER 1 Gross Structure of the Brain 15 Objectives 15 I Divisions of the Brain 15 CHAPTER 2 Development of the Nervous System 24 Objectives 24 I The Neural Tube 24 II The Neural Crest 24 III The Cranial Neuropore 26 IV The Caudal Neuropore 26 V Microglia 26 VI Myelination 26 VII The Optic Nerve and Chiasma 26 VIII The Hypophysis (pituitary gland) 26 IX Congenital Malformations of the CNS 27 CHAPTER 3 Neurohistology 31 Objectives 31 I Neurons 31 II Nissl Substance 31 III Axonal Transport 31 IV Anterograde (Wallerian) Degeneration 32 V Chromatolysis 32 VI Regeneration of Nerve Cells 32 VII Neuroglia 33 VIII The Blood–Brain Barrier 33 IX The Blood–CSF Barrier 33 X Pigments and Inclusions 34 XI Classification of Nerve Fibers 35 XII Tumors of the CNS and PNS 35 XIII Cutaneous Receptors 37 CHAPTER 4 Blood Supply 39 Objectives 39 I The Spinal Cord and Caudal Brainstem 39 II The Internal Carotid System 39 III The Vertebrobasilar System 41 IV The Blood Supply of the Internal Capsule 42 V Veins of the Brain 42 VI Venous Dural Sinuses 43 VII Angiography 43 VIII The Middle Meningeal Artery 43 CHAPTER 5 Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 50 Objectives 50 I Meninges 50 II Ventricular System 52 III Cerebrospinal Fluid 53 IV Herniation 53 CHAPTER 6 Spinal Cord 58 Objectives 58 I Gray and White Rami Communicans 58 II Spinal Nerves 58 III Conus Medullaris 58 IV Location of the Major Motor and Sensory Nuclei of the Spinal Cord 59 V The Cauda Equina 61 VI The Myotatic Reflex 61 Case 6-1 63 I Posterior (Dorsal) Column—Medial Lemniscus Pathway 63 II Anterolateral System 65 III Lateral Corticospinal Tract 65 Case 6-2 68 I Diseases of the Motor Neurons and Corticospinal Tracts 68 II Sensory Pathway Lesions 69 III Combined Motor and Sensory Lesions 69 IV Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Lesions 71 V Intervertebral Disk Herniation 71 VI Cauda Equina Syndrome (Spinal Roots L3 to C0) 71 VII Conus Medullaris Syndrome (Cord Segments S3 to C0) 72 CHAPTER 7 Brainstem 73 Objectives 73 I Introduction 73 II Cross Section Through the Caudal Medulla 73 III Cross Section Through the Mid-Medulla 73 IV Cross Section Through the Rostral Medulla 75 V Cross Section Through the Caudal Pons 76 VI Cross Section Through the Mid-Pons 77 VII Cross Section Through the Rostral Pons 77 VIII Cross Section Through the Caudal Midbrain 78 IX Cross Section Through the Rostral Medulla 78 X Corticonuclear Fibers 78 Lesions of the Brainstem 79 I Lesions of the Medulla 79 II Lesions of the Pons 79 III Lesions of the Midbrain 80 IV Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) 81 V Jugular Foramen Syndrome 81 VI “Locked-in” Syndrome 82 VII Central Pontine Myelinolysis 82 VIII “Top of the Basilar” Syndrome 82 IX Subclavian Steal Syndrome 82 X The Cerebellopontine Angle 82 CHAPTER 8 Autonomic Nervous System 84 Objectives 84 I Introduction 84 II Cranial Nerves (CN) With Parasympathetic Components 85 III Communicating Rami 87 IV Neurotransmitters 87 V Clinical Correlation 87 CHAPTER 9 Cranial Nerves 89 Objectives 89 I The Olfactory Nerve 89 II The Optic Nerve (CN II) 89 III The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 90 IV The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 91 V The Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 92 VI The Abducent Nerve (CN VI) 94 VII The Facial Nerve (CN VII) 94 VIII The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 96 IX The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 97 X The Vagal Nerve (CN X) 98 XI The Accessory Nerve (CN XI) 99 XII The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 99 CHAPTER 10 Trigeminal System 101 Objectives 101 I Introduction 101 II The Trigeminal Ganglion 101 III Trigeminothalamic Pathways 102 IV Trigeminal Reflexes 103 V The Cavernous Sinus 104 CHAPTER 11 Diencephalon 106 Objectives 106 I Introduction 106 II The Thalamus 106 III Blood Supply 108 IV The Internal Capsule 108 V The hypothalamus 109 CHAPTER 12 Auditory System 114 Objectives 114 I Introduction 114 II The Auditory Pathway 114 III Hearing Defects 116 IV Auditory Tests 116 CHAPTER 13 Vestibular System 118 Objectives 118 I Introduction 118 II The Labyrinth 118 III The Vestibular Pathways 118 IV Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes 120 CHAPTER 14 Visual System 122 Objectives 122 I Introduction 122 II The Visual Pathway 122 III The Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway 125 IV The Pupillary Dilation Pathway 125 V The Near Reflex and Accommodation Pathway 126 VI Cortical and Subcortical Centers for Ocular Motility 127 VII Clinical Correlation 128 CHAPTER 15 Limbic System 130 Objectives 130 I Introduction 130 II Major Components 130 III The Papez Circuit 130 IV Clinical Correlations 132 CHAPTER 16 Basal Nuclei and Extrapyramidal Motor System 134 Objectives 134 I Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) 134 II The Extrapyramidal (Striatal) Motor System 134 III Clinical Correlation 135 CHAPTER 17 Cerebellum 140 Objectives 140 I Function 140 II Anatomy 141 III The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 142 IV The Major Cerebellar Circuit 142 V Cerebellar Dysfunction 143 VI Cerebellar Syndromes and Tumors 143 CHAPTER 18 Cerebral Cortex 145 Objectives 145 I Introduction 145 II The Six-Layered Neocortex 145 III Functional Areas 146 IV Focal Destructive Hemispheric Lesions and Symptoms 149 V Cerebral Dominance 149 VI Split Brain Syndrome 151 VII Other Lesions of the Corpus Callosum 152 VIII Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors 152 IX Apraxia 152 X Aphasia 153 XI Dysprosodies 154 CHAPTER 19 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Brain 156 Objective 156 I Introduction 156 CHAPTER 20 Neurotransmitters 175 Objectives 175 I Major Neurotransmitters 175 II Functional and Clinical Considerations 179 APPENDIX I: Table of Cranial Nerves 181 APPENDIX II: Table of Common Neurological Disease States 184 GLOSSARY 187 INDEX 197