Human Computer Interaction in Healthcare: The Role of Cognition, 2nd

This thoroughly updated edition reports on the current state of human computer interaction (HCI) in biomedicine and healthcare, focusing on the cognitive underpinnings of human interactions with people and technology. With health information technologies becoming increasingly vital tools for the practice of clinical medicine, this book draws from key theories, models and evaluation frameworks, and their application in biomedical contexts to apply this to current research in HCI. However, numerous challenges remain in order to fully realize their potential as instruments for advancing clinical care and enhancing patient safety. There is a general consensus that health IT has not realized its potential as a tool to facilitate clinical decision-making, the coordination of care and improvements in patient safety. Embracing sound principles of iterative design can yield significant dividends. It can also enhance practitioner’s abilities to meet “meaningful use” requirements. The purpose of the book is two-fold: to address key gaps on the applicability of theories, models and evaluation frameworks of HCI and human factors for research in biomedical informatics. It highlights the state of the art, drawing from the current research in HCI. It also serves as a graduate level textbook highlighting key topics in HCI relevant for biomedical informatics, computer science and social science students working in the healthcare domain. Cognitive Informatics for Biomedicine: Human Computer Interaction in Healthcare is indispensable to those who want to ensure that the systems they build, and the interactive environments that they promote, will reflect the rigor and dedication to human-computer interaction principles that will ultimately enhance both the user’s experience and the quality and safety of the care that is offered to patients. It is an essential reference to all who are interested in the application of these new techniques within healthcare, from students of informatics through to clinicians, informatics researchers and developers of health IT looking to incorporate them into their day-to-day workflow. Foreword Preface Contents About the Editors Part I: Foundations Chapter 1: A Multi-Disciplinary Science of Human Computer Interaction in Biomedical Informatics Human Computer Interaction in Healthcare Scope and Purpose of the Book Organization of Chapters Future Directions for HCI in Healthcare: Role of Cognition References Chapter 2: Cognition and Human Computer Interaction in Healthcare Introduction Human Information Processing Model Human Processor Norman’s Theory of Action Mental Models External Cognition Representational Effect Intelligent Use of Space Distributed Cognition Distributed Resources Model Propagation of Representational States Distributed Cognition of Teamwork (DiCoT) Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 3: Theoretical Foundations for Health Communication Research and Practice Introduction Theories of Communication Relevant to Health Care Communication as Information Processing Communication as Interaction (Distributed Cognition) Distributed Cognition: Individual Cognition in Context Common Ground Collaborative Effort and Communication Success Common Ground and Technology in Health Care Distributed Cognition: Systems-Level Analysis Key Challenges for Health Care Communication The High Cognitive Demands Associated with Biological Complexity The Pervasive Nature of Interdisciplinary Work Discipline-Specific Terminologies and Taxonomies Rapid Diffusion of Health Information Technologies Frequent Complete Transfer of Responsibility Within Disciplines Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 4: Applications and Challenges of Human Computer Interaction and AI Interfaces for Health Care Introduction Emergence and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Human Computer Interaction Twentieth Century: Early Intelligent Systems for Health Care The Need for a More Unified Model of HCI-AI in Health Care Twenty-First Century: Advances in AI and Applications for Health Care HCI-AI in the Clinical Setting Diagnostic and Prognostic Support Interventions and Therapeutics HCI-AI for Public Health Surveillance Systems HCI-AI for Biological Research Databases and Interactive Web-Based Applications Challenges and Barriers to HCI-AI Implementation Technical Challenges Social Challenges Policy and Guidelines Conclusions: Future Directions and Recommendations References Part II: Approaches to Evaluation Chapter 5: Evaluation of Health Information Technology: Methods, Frameworks and Challenges Introduction Methods of Evaluation in Clinical Environments Analytical Approaches Task Analysis Hierarchical Task Analysis Cognitive Task Analysis Inspection-Based Evaluation Heuristic Evaluation Walkthroughs Model-Based Evaluation GOMS Fitts Law Usability Testing/User-Based Evaluation General Usability Testing Approaches Interviews Focus Groups Verbal Think Aloud Surveys and Questionnaires Field/Observational Approaches Shadowing Time and Motion Studies Considerations for Conducting HIT Evaluation Studies Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 6: Computational Ethnography: Automated and Unobtrusive Means for Collecting Data In Situ for Human–Computer Interaction Evaluation Studies Introduction Computational Ethnography Definition Common Sources of Computational Ethnographical Data Analyzing Computational Ethnographical Data Limitation of Computational Ethnography Case Studies Understanding Clinicians’ Navigation Behavior in EHRS Analyzing the Dynamics of Provider–Patient Interactions Summary References Further Reading Chapter 7: Analyzing Video-Based Human-Computer Interaction Data in Healthcare Using a Cognitive-Socio-Technical Framework Introduction Background Collecting Video-Based Usability Data Analyzing Video-Based Usability Data Towards A Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Usability Data Individual Level (Level 1) Human-Computer Interaction Codes Example of Video Coding Workflow Level (Level 2) Codes Socio-Technical Level (Level 3) Codes Case Study Example: Extending and Applying the Approach to the Study of System Safety The Phases of Video-Based Coding of Usability Data Use of Video Analysis Tools and Automated Coding Research Experiences to Date and Future Directions Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 8: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding and Mitigating a Pernicious Infodemic Introduction Social Media, Health Information and Human-Computer Interaction Conceptualizing False Information Fake News: The Case of Diabetes Anti-Vaxxer Conspiracy Theories Xenophobia and Health Misinformation from AIDS to COVID-19 Divergent Mediation Across Social Media Platforms Agents of Disinformation Predisposition to Believe in Disinformation: Social, Cultural and Cognitive Factors Mitigating Misinformation Madness Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 9: Visual Analytics: Leveraging Cognitive Principles to Accelerate Biomedical Discoveries Introduction Visual Analytics: Theoretical Foundations Why Do Visualizations Matter? Why Does Interactivity Matter? Theories Related to Visual Analytics Visual Analytics: Biomedical Applications Information Consumers Information Analysts Network Analysis: Making Discoveries in Complex Biomedical Data Exploratory Visual Analysis Quantitative Verification Inference of Sub-Phenotypes and Biological Mechanisms Strengths and Limitations of Network Analysis Strengths Limitations Future Directions in Network Analysis of Biomedical Data Recent Developments in the Identification and Interpretation of Biclusters References Further Reading Part III: Design Chapter 10: User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Health Information Systems: A Rapid Usability Engineering Approach Introduction Assessing Information Needs and User Cognitive Requirements Low-Cost Rapid Usability Engineering in Health Informatics Evaluating System Impact on Reasoning and Decision Making Low-Cost Rapid Usability Engineering in Practice Using Low-Cost Rapid Usability Engineering in Conjunction with Rapid Prototyping Use of Clinical Simulations in System Design and Evaluation A Layered Approach to Evaluating Health Information Systems Case Study Example: Multi-Level Usability Analysis of Clinical Decision Support Implications of User-Centered Design for Improved Usability and System Safety Emerging Trends: Towards Remote and Large-Scale Usability Studies Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 11: Human Factors and Design for Supporting Healthcare Teams Introduction Diversity of Healthcare Teams Characteristics of Healthcare Teams Teamwork in Healthcare Practices Team Effectiveness Burnout in Healthcare Providers Key Concepts and Theories for Team Performance Sociotechnical Aspects of Teamwork Dynamic Communication Behaviors Medical Records for Supporting Collaborative Work Supporting Team Collaboration with New Technologies Technology for Supporting Distributed Communication in Healthcare Technologies for Supporting Coordination in Medical Work Technology for Supporting Information Access Case Studies of Teamwork Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 12: Designing and Deploying Mobile Health Interventions Introduction An Evolution of Mobile Devices Mobile Health Devices Smartphones Tablets Wearable Systems mHealth Interventions Mobile Applications Personal Health Records Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Interventions Text Messaging Interventions A Summary of Mobile Technology Methodological Considerations for mHealth Design Methodological Considerations for mHealth Implementation Conclusion References Further Reading Part IV: Applications Chapter 13: Human-Computer Interaction in Medical Devices Introduction Changes Since the First Edition Human Computer Interaction and Related Fields What Is a Medical Device? Regulatory History and Human Factors Engineering Requirements Impact of Medical Device Design on Patient Safety Unique Challenges of Medical Device Design Medical Device Users Variability in Patients Use Environments Tasks Devices Methods for Medical Device Interface Design and Evaluation Case Study 1: Human Factors in the Evolution of Anesthesia Machines Case Study 2: User Interface Details—Illustrating the Value of HCI Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 14: Applying HCI Principles in Designing Usable Systems for Dentistry Introduction Characteristics of the Dental Team Workflow in the Dental Operatory Development of a Standardized Dental Diagnostic Terminology Challenges of Dental EHR Use and Usability Applying Theory to Practice: Redesigning a Treatment Planning Module in a Dental EHR Design Challenge Design Approach Usability Assessment to Identify Challenges in Existing Treatment Planning Module Participatory Prioritization of Problems with the Vendor and Broad-Based Research Team Development and Refinement of Mockups Implementation of Mockups into EHR Next Steps: Assessing Impact of the New Treatment Planning Module Implications for Practice Importance of Collaborative Teams for the Design of Usable Systems Impact on Secondary Use of Data Impact on Inter-Professional Practice Future Directions Summary References Further Reading Chapter 15: The Unintended Consequences of the Technology in Clinical Settings Introduction Defining Unintended Consequences Exploring Unanticipated Consequences Human Factors Models Solutions Serendipity and Struggle: Unintended Consequences of HIT and the Covid Pandemic Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 16: The Role of Human Computer Interaction in Consumer Health Applications: Current State, Challenges and Future Introduction Overview of Consumer Health Informatics Needs Assessment as Part of Interface Design for Consumers How Culture Influences Design Choices Designing for Populations with Health Disparities Access Issues and the Digital Divide Design Considerations According to Age Additional Design Considerations Based on Chronic Conditions Health Literacy The Future of Human Computer Interaction for Consumer Health New Horizons: Approaches to Developing Adaptive User Interfaces New Horizons: Remote Usability Testing of Consumer Health Systems New Horizons: Human Computer Interaction with Distributed Computing New Horizons: Emergence of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 17: Intelligent Decision Support in Personal Health: Personalized Health Coaching in Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Related work Diabetes Self-Management and Personalization Personal Informatics Recommender Systems GlucoGoalie Approach to Goal Setting Machine Learning Expert System Interpretation and Guardrails The GlucoGoalie App GlucoGoalie Evaluation Controlled Evaluation Methods Data Analysis Controlled Evaluation Results Study 2: Deployment Study Deployment Study Methods Participants and Procedure Data Analysis Deployment Study Results Participant Background and Demographics Diabetes Experiences Overall Impressions and Usage Theme 1: Receiving Goal Suggestion Informs Self-Discovery Theme 2: Choosing Goals Highlights Individual Preferences Theme 3: Following Goals Demonstrates the Importance of Feedback and Context Theme 4: Challenges Understanding and Following Goals in Practice Perceived Results Discussion Cognitive Support: Balancing Reflection and Action Aligning Goals with Eating Experiences and Personal Aspirations Interactivity, Negotiation, and Feedback Limitations Conclusion References Part V: Future Directions Chapter 18: Looking Forward: The Role of Human Computer Interaction and Cognition in Healthcare Introduction Current State: Cognition and HCI in Healthcare Future Directions Advances in Healthcare Applications Safety Informatics in Healthcare and Cognitive Modelling Patient-Centered Design of Healthcare Systems HCI for Virtual and Home Healthcare Usability Data Quantification and Analytics Automated Collection and Analysis of Usability Testing Data Increased Multi-Modal User Interaction Advances in HCI Study Designs Advances in Knowledge Translation Advances in HCI Education Concluding Thoughts References Further Reading Index