Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides

Quite possibly the first comprehensive text on galactomannans, **Industrial** **Galactomannan Polysaccharides** compiles information on their industrial uses in the form of gums including locust bean, guar, tara, fenugreek, __cassia-tara__, and __Sesbania-bisipinasa__ varieties. The book describes how galactomannans are currently produced commercially and how they have become industrial commodities. It provides a simple and clear introduction to these vital substances, it compares their various sources. **Highlights** * General chapters on carbohydrates, hydrocolloids and associated rheology, interactions of galactomannans, and derivatization of polysaccharides * A brief history of each product gum, cultivation of the plant sources, seed, habitat, chemical structure, functional properties, manufacturing processes, and applications * Special focus on the most representative galactomannans: guar and locust bean gums An in-depth compilation of industrial galactomannans information, this book is designed for the manufacturers, traders, and end users of galactomannans, as well as technologists in polysaccharides-related industries and scientists and academics interested in carbohydrates. Front matter ......Page 1 Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 16 Author......Page 17 1.2 Relative Abundance of Common Carbohydrates......Page 18 1.4 Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates......Page 19 1.5 Conformation of Polysaccharides......Page 20 Further Readings......Page 21 2.2 Biological Functions of Galactomannans and Their Classification......Page 22 2.3 Biosynthetic Route for the Formation of Galactomannan Polysaccharides in Plants......Page 23 2.4 Galactomannan-Bearing Plants......Page 25 2.6 Commercial Production of Galactomannans......Page 26 2.7 General Chemical Structural Features of Galactomannan Gums......Page 27 2.9 Commercial Need of Galactomannans Having Different Functional Properties......Page 29 References......Page 30 3.2 Polymeric Colloidal Systems and the Size of Colloidal Particles......Page 32 3.3 Reversible and Irreversible Colloidal Systems: Hydrocolloids......Page 33 3.4 Chemical Structure of Polysaccharide Hydrocolloids......Page 34 3.6 Functional Properties of Hydrocolloids and Their Structure–Function Correlation......Page 35 3.7 Structure–Solubility Relationship in Hydrocolloids......Page 36 3.8 Interaction of Hydrocolloids and Water......Page 37 3.9 Binding of Molecular Clusters of Water by Hydrocolloids......Page 38 3.10 Gels as Colloidal Systems and Gel-Forming Hydrocolloids......Page 39 3.13 Applications of Galactomannan Hydrocolloids in Food and Nonfood Industries......Page 41 References......Page 42 4.1 Introduction......Page 44 4.3 Configurational Differences between Glucose Polymers and Galactomannan Polymers......Page 45 4.4 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Carbohydrates......Page 46 4.5 Synergic Increase in Viscosity and Gelling of Galactomannans with Other Polysaccharides......Page 47 4.6 Superentanglement of Galactomannan......Page 48 4.7 High Surfactant Activity of Fenugreek Galactomannan......Page 49 4.10 Modulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism......Page 50 4.11 Formation of Fused, Five-Member Ring by Cis-Pair of Hydroxyl Groups in Galactomannans......Page 51 4.13 Cross-Linking with Transition Metal Ions......Page 52 4.14 Interaction with Racemic Mixtures Involving Chiral-Selective Interactions of Galactomannans......Page 53 4.15 Moisturizing Action and Gelling of Glucomannan Polysaccharide in Aloe Vera Plant......Page 54 References......Page 55 5.2 Rheology of Hydrocolloid Sols......Page 57 5.3 Viscosity Defined......Page 58 5.4 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids:Pseudoplasticity......Page 59 5.6 Hydration and Solubility of Polysaccharides......Page 60 5.7 Dependence of Viscosity of Polymeric Molecules on Their Size, Shape, and Conformation......Page 61 5.8 Effect of Charge on the Viscosity of Linear Polymer......Page 62 5.9 Gel Formation and Viscoelasticity......Page 63 References......Page 64 6.1 Introduction......Page 65 6.3 Need for Modification or Derivatization of Polysaccharides......Page 66 6.5 Approval of Derivatized Polysaccharides as Food Additives......Page 67 6.7 Reactivity of Various Hydroxyl Groups of a Polysaccharide during a Derivatization Reaction......Page 68 6.8 Degree of Substitution and Molecular Substitution......Page 69 6.10 Derivatization Using Gum Powder (Carboxymethylation)......Page 70 6.12 Polysaccharide Derivatives Currently Being Manufactured and Patented......Page 71 6.14 Determination of Degree of Substitution......Page 73 6.15 Typical Methods for Determination of DS......Page 74 6.16 Preparation of Common Derivatizing Reagents......Page 75 References......Page 76 7.2 Guar Seed As a Source of an Industrial Galactomannan Gum......Page 77 7.3 Development of Guar Crop as the Source of an Industrial Galactomannan......Page 78 7.4 Estimates of Guar Gum Production and Its Consumption......Page 80 7.6 Guar Gum or Guaran: A Galactomannan Polysaccharide......Page 81 7.7 Development of Guar Seed Processing Technology in India......Page 82 7.8 Newer Developments and Export of Processed Guar Products from India......Page 83 7.10 Guar Plant......Page 84 7.12 Biotechnological Aspects......Page 85 7.13 Nutritional Aspects of Guar Seed Protein......Page 87 7.14 Chemical and Structural Studies of Galactomannans......Page 88 7.15 Fine Structure of Guar Galactomannan......Page 90 7.16 Some Physicochemical Properties of Guar Gum......Page 91 7.17 Manufacture of Guar Gum from Seed......Page 92 7.18 Production of Guar Split......Page 93 7.20 Modified Guar Gum Products......Page 94 7.21 Guar Gum Derivatives......Page 96 7.22 Testing and Quality Control of Guar Gum Products......Page 98 7.23 Rheology of Guar Gum Pastes......Page 99 7.25 Superentanglement of Guar Galactomannan Molecules......Page 100 7.26 Solubility and Hydration Rate of Guar Gum......Page 101 7.27 Specific Interactions of Mannan Chain in Guar Gum and Its Applications......Page 103 7.28 Uses and Applications of Guar Gum......Page 104 References......Page 107 8.1 Historical Introduction......Page 109 8.2 Carob Tree......Page 110 8.3 Carob Seed, the Traditional Source of a Galactomannan Gum......Page 111 8.5 Agronomy of Carob Tree......Page 112 8.6 Regional Considerations......Page 113 8.8 Manufacturing of Locust Bean Gum......Page 114 8.9 Flow Sheet Showing Various Steps of Manufacturing LBG......Page 115 8.11 Functional Properties of LBG......Page 116 8.13 Mechanism of Binary Gel Formation with LBG......Page 119 8.14 Specific Structural Features of LBG......Page 120 8.15 Fine Structure of LBG......Page 121 8.17 Solubility Behavior of Commercial LBG......Page 122 8.18 Preparation of LBG Solution or Paste and Structure–Solubility Correlation......Page 123 8.20 Binary Gelling Substitutes of Locust Bean Gum......Page 124 8.22 Cross-Linking Reactions and Interactions of LBG with Other Polysaccharides......Page 125 8.24 Applications and Uses of LBG......Page 127 References......Page 129 9.1 Introduction......Page 131 9.2 Factors That Influence Commercialization of Potential Polysaccharide Gums......Page 132 9.3 Fenugreek Galactomannan As an Emerging Industrial Polysaccharide......Page 133 9.4 Fenugreek Crop......Page 134 9.5 Composition of Fenugreek Seed......Page 135 9.6 Manufacturing of Fenugreek Galactomannan Gum......Page 136 9.7 Dry versus Wet Methods of Extraction of Seed Galactomannans......Page 137 9.8 Need to Adopt Dry Processing for Commercial Manufacturing of Fenugreek Gum......Page 138 9.9 Chemical Structure of Fenugreek Galactomannan......Page 139 9.10 Conformation of Fenugreek Galactomannan......Page 140 9.11 Physical Properties and Rheology of Fenugreek Gum......Page 141 9.13 Medicinal and Other Uses of Fenugreek Gum......Page 142 9.14 Conclusion......Page 143 References......Page 144 10.1 Introduction......Page 145 10.2 Tara Tree......Page 146 10.3 Tara Gum......Page 147 10.4 Structural Features of Tara Gum......Page 148 10.7 Can India Develop an Equivalent of Tara Gum from Cassia fistula Gum?......Page 149 References......Page 150 11.2 Commercially Produced Galactomannan Gums......Page 151 11.3 Chemical Structure of Cassia tora Gum......Page 152 11.5 Gelling Gums......Page 153 11.6 Mechanism of Binary Gelling......Page 154 11.8 Anthraquinone Pigments in Legume Seeds......Page 155 11.11 Cassia tora Gum and Its Structure......Page 156 11.14 Present Status of CT Gum......Page 158 References......Page 159 12.2 Cassia fistula Tree......Page 160 12.4 Extraction of Cassia fistula Seed Gum: Dry Grinding and Wet Extraction Methods......Page 162 12.6 Structural Features of Cassia fistula Galactomannan......Page 163 12.7 Why Explore and Commercialize Cassia fistula Gum?......Page 164 12.8 What Can Be the Possible Uses of Cassia fistula Gum?......Page 165 12.9 Galactomannan from Pods of Prosopis juliflora......Page 166 12.11 Konjak Glucomannan......Page 167 12.14 Aloe Vera Glucomannan, Gel or Fluid......Page 168 References......Page 169 C......Page 171 F......Page 172 G......Page 173 H......Page 175 L......Page 176 P......Page 177 S......Page 178 Y......Page 179 "Quite possibly the first comprehensive text on galactomannans, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides compiles information on their industrial uses in the form of gums including locust bean, guar, tara, fenugreek, cassia-tara, and Sesbania-bisipinasa varieties. The book describes how galactomannans are currently produced commercially and how they have become industrial commodities. It provides a simple and clear introduction to these vital substances, it compares their various sources.HighlightsGeneral chapters on carbohydrates, hydrocolloids and associated rheology, interactions of galactomannans, and derivatization of polysaccharidesA brief history of each product gum, cultivation of the plant sources, seed, habitat, chemical structure, functional properties, manufacturing processes, and applicationsSpecial focus on the most representative galactomannans: guar and locust bean gumsAn in-depth compilation of industrial galactomannans information, this book is designed for the manufacturers, traders, and end users of galactomannans, as well as technologists in polysaccharides-related industries and scientists and academics interested in carbohydrates"-- "Preface I have been associated with the guar gum (an industrial galactomannan polysaccharide) industry at Jodhpur, which is a city in the northwestern Rajasthan state of India, for nearly four decades now. Guar seed processing into its gum was started in India in late 1950s and early 1960s. This was based on transfer of technology by two U.S. companies (General Mills Co. and Stein, Hall & Co.) and establishing guar galactomannan-based industries in India with their collaboration. Subsequently similar industries were also established in Pakistan. With establishment of these industries on the Indian subcontinent, processing of guar seed into gum powder was gradually reduced in the United States and Europe. However the export of guar seed split from India has continued even now to most of Europe, Japan, and the United States, where some value-added specialty guar gum products are still manufactured according to secret and patented procedures. During the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend of outsourcing production of these so-called specialty products to Indian manufacturers. For several years the export-oriented guar gum industry in India, flourished and progressed well. This was mainly due to mastering of the technology of mechanical processing of guar seed into gum powder, without much understanding of underlying science and technology of the process and the product. India currently produces over 70% of the world production of guar seeds, most of which is processed into guar gum products and its by-products, including protein-rich cattle feed. Many guar gum industries in India are now emerging as multihydrocolloid industries processing, importing, or trading in hydrocolloids other than guar gum"-- "Preface I have been associated with the guar gum (an industrial galactomannan polysaccharide) industry at Jodhpur, which is a city in the northwestern Rajasthan state of India, for nearly four decades now. Guar seed processing into its gum was started in India in late 1950s and early 1960s. This was based on transfer of technology by two U.S. companies (General Mills Co. and Stein, Hall & Co.) and establishing guar galactomannan-based industries in India with their collaboration. Subsequently similar industries were also established in Pakistan. With establishment of these industries on the Indian subcontinent, processing of guar seed into gum powder was gradually reduced in the United States and Europe. However the export of guar seed split from India has continued even now to most of Europe, Japan, and the United States, where some value-added specialty guar gum products are still manufactured according to secret and patented procedures. During the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend of outsourcing production of these so-called specialty products to Indian manufacturers. For several years the export-oriented guar gum industry in India, flourished and progressed well. This was mainly due to mastering of the technology of mechanical processing of guar seed into gum powder, without much understanding of underlying science and technology of the process and the product. India currently produces over 70% of the world production of guar seeds, most of which is processed into guar gum products and its by-products, including protein-rich cattle feed. Many guar gum industries in India are now emerging as multihydrocolloid industries processing, importing, or trading in hydrocolloids other than guar gum"-- Provided by publisher "Quite possibly the first comprehensive text on galactomannans, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides compiles information on their industrial uses in the form of gums including locust bean, guar, tara, fenugreek, cassia-tara, and Sesbania-bisipinasa varieties. The book describes how galactomannans are currently produced commercially and how they have become industrial commodities. It provides a simple and clear introduction to these vital substances, it compares their various sources. HighlightsGeneral chapters on carbohydrates, hydrocolloids and associated rheology, interactions of galactomannans, and derivatization of polysaccharidesA brief history of each product gum, cultivation of the plant sources, seed, habitat, chemical structure, functional properties, manufacturing processes, and applicationsSpecial focus on the most representative galactomannans: guar and locust bean gumsAn in-depth compilation of industrial galactomannans information, this book is designed for the manufacturers, traders, and end users of galactomannans, as well as technologists in polysaccharides-related industries and scientists and academics interested in carbohydrates"-- Provided by publisher