Information and Communication Technology (Zambak)

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Computers What is a Computer?......................................................8 HOW COMPUTERS WORK..............................................8 Booting Up Your Computer..............................................8 Data Flow in a Computer.................................................8 TYPES OF COMPUTERS...............................................10 Mainframe Computers...................................................10 Minicomputers..............................................................11 Supercomputers...........................................................11 Microcomputers............................................................11 THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS....................................12 The Main Periods in the History of Computers...............13 1. Vacuum Tubes (1930–1958)........................................13 2. Transistors (1959)........................................................13 3. Integrated Circuits (1965).............................................13 4. Microprocessors (1971)...............................................14 5. Personal Computer (1981)...........................................14 Important Inventions in the History of Computers..........14 COMPUTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE.................................18 Communication.............................................................18 Education......................................................................18 Astronomy and Space Technology................................19 Press and Publishing....................................................19 Entertainment...............................................................20 Engineering, Architecture, and Design...........................20 Finance and Accounting................................................20 Banking........................................................................20 Biology and Medicine....................................................21 Military Services...........................................................21 MEASURING DATA (BITS AND BYTES).........................21 Understanding Data.......................................................21 Decimal and Binary Number Systems...........................22 Converting a Decimal Number to Its Binary Equivalent..23 Converting a Binary Number to Its Decimal Equivalent..23 Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers ...................24 TAKING CARE OF THE COMPUTER...............................25 Clean Out the Dust........................................................25 Monitor Cleaning..............................................................25 Keyboard Cleaning............................................................25 Mouse Cleaning................................................................26 Case Cleaning..................................................................26 Keep Your PC Cool........................................................26 Buy Quality Hardware....................................................27 Get Power Protection....................................................27 Get an Anti-Virus Program.............................................27 Scan for Other Malware................................................27 Run the Defragmenter Utility..........................................27 Clean Up Old Files.........................................................27 HEALTHY COMPUTER USE...........................................28 Make Yourself Comfortable...........................................28 Take a Break.................................................................28 Eyes and Eyesight ........................................................28 BUYING A COMPUTER.................................................29 Your Needs...................................................................29 Windows vs. Mac.........................................................29 Desktop vs. Laptop.......................................................29 When Choosing a Laptop..................................................30 Hardware......................................................................30 CPU..................................................................................30 Memory (RAM)................................................................31 Hard Disk.........................................................................31 Monitor.............................................................................31 Disk Drives.......................................................................31 Sound and Video..............................................................31 Software.......................................................................31 Service, Support and Warranty.....................................32 Introduction..................................................................38 CHAPTER 2: Hardware The System Unit.......................................................38 Chassis (Case).............................................................38 Power Supply...............................................................40 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)..................................40 Mainboard....................................................................42 The ROM-BIOS.................................................................43 System Buses..................................................................45 The Bus Arbitration (Chipset)............................................46 Expansion Slots................................................................47 ATA and ATAPI Interfaces..................................................49 Peripheral Connectors.......................................................50 Internal Speaker............................................................51 Central Processing Unit (CPU).......................................52 Inside a CPU.....................................................................53 32-Bit and 64-Bit Architectures.........................................54 Single and Multi-Core Processors.....................................54 Intel Corporation ..............................................................55 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).......................................56 VIA Technologies..............................................................56 Memory (RAM).............................................................56 Memory Hierarchy............................................................57 Static RAM (SRAM)..........................................................58 Dynamic RAM (DRAM).....................................................59 Memory Latency..............................................................61 Expansion Cards...........................................................62 Some Types of Expansion Cards.......................................62 Video Card (Display Adapter, Graphics Card)....................63 Sound Card (Audio Card)..................................................66 Network Interface Card (NIC)............................................67 Modem (Modulator/Demodulator).....................................69 TV Card............................................................................70 PC Card and ExpressCard.................................................71 SCSI Card........................................................................71 Input Devices...........................................................73 Keyboard......................................................................73 Touch Screen................................................................78 Light Pen......................................................................79 Graphics Tablet (Pen Tablet)..........................................79 Concept Tablet and Concept Keyboard..........................79 Webcam.......................................................................80 Scanner........................................................................80 PC Microphone.............................................................81 Joystick........................................................................82 Mouse..........................................................................83 Output Devices........................................................85 Monitor.........................................................................85 Printer...........................................................................87 Laser Printers...................................................................88 Impact (dot-matrix) Printers..............................................88 Plotter...........................................................................89 Speakers and Headphones............................................90 Speaker............................................................................90 Headphone.......................................................................90 Data Storage Devices.............................................91 Hard Disk Drive.............................................................92 Solid-State Drive (SSD).................................................94 Floppy Diskette (FDD)...................................................95 Magnetic Tape..............................................................95 Zip Disk........................................................................96 CD ROM Disk ..............................................................96 DVD Disk......................................................................97 Blu-Ray Disk.................................................................97 CHAPTER 3: Software Introduction................................................................106 Operating Systems......................................................106 Interface.........................................................................107 Single or Multi-User........................................................108 Stand Alone or Network..................................................108 Single or Multi-Tasking....................................................109 MS-DOS ....................................................................109 Most Common MS-DOS Commands...............................110 Microsoft Windows Family .........................................111 Windows 98...................................................................111 Windows NT ..................................................................112 Windows Server Family .................................................112 Windows XP ..................................................................112 Windows Vista ..............................................................113 Windows 7 ....................................................................113 Mac OS......................................................................113 Unix ...........................................................................114 Linux..........................................................................114 Novell NetWare...........................................................115 BeOS and Haiku .........................................................116 Mobile Operating Systems .........................................116 Symbian OS...................................................................116 Google Android...............................................................117 Mobile Linux...................................................................117 BlackBerry OS................................................................117 iPhone OS......................................................................117 APPLICATION PROGRAMS.........................................119 Word Processor..........................................................119 Spreadsheet................................................................120 Presentation Software.................................................121 Database Management Software.................................121 CAD/CAM...................................................................122 Painting and Drawing..................................................123 Vector Graphics..............................................................123 Raster Graphics..............................................................123 Major Graphic File Formats.............................................124 Raster Formats...............................................................124 Vector Formats...............................................................126 Page Layout and Desktop Publishing...........................127 Animation Programs...................................................128 Multimedia Applications..............................................128 Games........................................................................129 Educational Software..................................................129 Courseware....................................................................129 Classroom Aids..............................................................129 Edutainment...................................................................129 Educational software on custom platforms.....................129 Online Applications.....................................................130 UTILITY programs..................................................132 What are Utilities?.......................................................132 Disk Defragmenters.....................................................133 Disk Checkers ............................................................133 Disk Cleaners .............................................................133 Disk Space Analyzers .................................................133 Disk Partitions............................................................133 Disk Compression Utilities .........................................133 Registry Cleaners .......................................................134 System Monitors and Profilers....................................134 Antivirus Software......................................................134 Network Utilities .........................................................135 Backup Utilities...........................................................135 File Managers ............................................................136 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES....................................137 Introduction................................................................137 Compiling and Interpretation........................................137 General-Purpose and Special-Purpose Languages.......137 Web Programming......................................................138 High-Level and Low-Level Languages.........................138 Some of the Popular Programming Languages............139 Assembly.......................................................................139 Fortran...........................................................................140 BASIC.............................................................................141 COBOL...........................................................................141 Pascal and Object Pascal................................................142 C, C++ and C# (C Sharp)............................................144 Java...............................................................................145 Visual BASIC..................................................................145 Pyhthon..........................................................................146 Java Script.....................................................................146 Dart................................................................................146 ASP / ASP.NET ...............................................................147 PHP................................................................................147 Cold Fusion....................................................................147 Ruby on Rails.................................................................148 CHAPTER 4: Networking Understanding Computer Networks.............................152 Advantages of Networks.................................................152 Drawbacks of Networks..................................................152 Communication between Computers...............................153 Network Types............................................................153 LAN (Local Area Network)..............................................154 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)...................................155 WAN (Wide Area Network)..............................................156 Comparing LAN, MAN and WAN.....................................157 Network Components..................................................157 Media.............................................................................157 Network Devices.............................................................159 Network Protocols......................................................161 Intranet, Extranet, and Internet.....................................163 Intranet...........................................................................163 Extranet..........................................................................163 The Internet ...................................................................164 Internet Connection Types...............................................165 Wi-Fi..............................................................................166 The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets...........................167 WWW (World Wide Web)............................................167 Web 2.0.........................................................................167 Internet and WWW Tools.............................................168 E-Mail.............................................................................168 IRC Chat and Instant Messaging.....................................169 FTP (File Transfer Protocol).............................................169 Cloud Computing............................................................171 Internet Telephony..........................................................171 Video Conference...........................................................172 Telnet.............................................................................173 Discussion Boards and Newsgroups...............................173 Social Media...................................................................174 Networking Models and Standards..............................175 The OSI Model................................................................175 TCP/IP Model.................................................................177 Network Topologies.....................................................179 Bus Topology..................................................................179 Ring Topology................................................................179 Star Topology.................................................................180 Tree Topology.................................................................181 Mesh Topology...............................................................181 Logical Topologies......................................................182 Logical Token Ring Topology..........................................182 Logical Ethernet Bus Topology........................................182 IP Addressing.............................................................183 Understanding IP Addressing..........................................183 Types of IP Addresses....................................................183 Versions of IP Addresses................................................184 Network Management.................................................185 Network Management Administrator...............................185 Network Security.........................................................185 Different Network Security Threats..................................185 Blocking Threats with a Firewall......................................186 ANSWER KEY INDEX