Inside Track to Academic Research, Writing & Referencing

__Academic Research____, Writing & Referencing__ will provide you with practical guidance and tips on searching for literature and referencing your sources in a scholarly manner, helping you to avoid plagiarism and to produce successful academic writing assignments whatever your course of study. With the in-depth understanding of the practice of integrating and referencing academic sources and research into your writing that this book delivers, you will be better prepared to deal with – and succeed in - the full range of writing tasks that will be expected of you over the course of your academic studies and on into your chosen career. Cover 1 Academic research, writing and referencing 2 Contents 8 List of figures 14 List of tables 15 Foreword 16 Introduction: entering the academy 20 About the author 22 Acknowledgements 23 Part 1 Academic Integrity 26 Introduction to Part 1 28 Avoid plagiarism by keeping full records 28 Types of sources 29 Written sources 29 Numerical sources 29 Audiovisual sources 30 Formats 30 Academic Integrity 32 What is academic integrity? 33 Academic standards 33 Selecting sources 33 Academic conventions 33 Scholarly practice 34 Seeking support 35 New to university 35 New to university in the UK 35 Advancing knowledge 36 Avoiding Plagiarism 40 Introduction 41 What is plagiarism? 41 A positive approach 41 Developing a KnACK for avoiding plagiarism 41 Time management 43 Penalties for plagiarism 43 Why study? 45 Why do some writers plagiarise? 45 Reasons for unintentional plagiarism 45 Reasons for intentional plagiarism 46 Avoiding unintentional plagiarism 47 What does not require referencing? 48 Your own ideas 48 Your own work 48 General knowledge 48 Summary 49 Quiz 49 Part 2 Research 52 Introduction to part 2 54 Locating Sources 56 A system for searching 57 Relevance 57 Readily available 57 Reliability 58 Peer review 58 Relevant sources 58 Keep focused on your deadline 59 Find the right sources for your purpose 59 Work with others to find suitable sources 60 Begin with what you know 60 Readily available sources 61 Literature searches 61 Library catalogue 61 Databases 61 Searches in catalogues and databases 62 Reference management systems 63 Special collections 63 Interlibrary loan and document supply 63 Reliable sources 63 Digital media 63 General sources 65 Dictionaries 65 Encyclopaedias 65 Textbooks 66 Newspapers 66 Magazines 66 Specific sources 67 Journal articles 67 Chapters in edited collections 68 Chapters in monographs 68 Dissertations 68 Theses 68 Reports 69 Summary 89 Quiz 89 Assessing Sources 72 Criteria for evaluating sources 73 Expect to reject 74 Selection of sources 75 The title 75 The subtitle if there is one 75 The list of contents if there is one 75 The index if there is one 75 The abstract if there is one 76 The subsections if relevant 76 The intended audience of sources 76 Language 76 Organisation 77 Written expression 77 Comprehensive accounts 77 Reading Sources Critically 80 Complete records 81 Critical reading 82 Skimming 82 Scanning 83 Planning 83 Be critical about authors’ credentials 84 Style 84 Content 84 Organisation 84 Critiquing the reliability of sources 85 Evidence 85 Does the source use primary evidence? 85 Does the source use secondary evidence? 86 Texts as secondary evidence 86 Texts that analyse secondary evidence 86 Is the evidence convincing? 87 Disjunction between points made and supporting evidence 87 A lack of up-to-date evidence 87 Bias in the information or ideas presented 88 Inadequate citation or referencing 88 Part 3 Writing 92 Introduction to part 3 94 Integrating Sources by Quoting 96 Quoting 97 Acknowledging your sources 97 Why quote sources? 97 How to quote short extracts 98 Synthesising quotes into your own argument 99 Making changes to material you quote 100 Use of ellipses 100 Use of italics 101 Avoid using quotation marks when you are not quoting 101 Where does the punctuation go? 101 How to quote long extracts 101 Integrating Sources by Paraphrasing 106 Paraphrasing 107 Acknowledging your sources 107 Why paraphrase sources? 107 How to paraphrase 108 Discuss sources with others 108 Preparing to paraphrase 109 Where does the punctuation go? 110 Integrating Sources by Summarising 114 Summarising 115 Acknowledging your sources 115 Why summarise sources? 116 How to summarise sources 116 Summarising an entire source 116 Summarising a section within a source 118 Critiquing Sources 122 Critiquing 123 Acknowledging your sources 123 Why critique sources? 124 Validate your writing 124 Enhance your written style 124 How to critique sources 124 Drawing on a variety of sources to develop your own ideas 124 Part 4 Referencing 130 Introduction to part 4 132 The Harvard Style 134 Variations of the harvard style 135 Two elements 135 In-text citations 136 How to cite 137 Citing written sources 137 Multiple authors 137 Mentioning authors at the start of sentences 138 Mentioning authors at the end of sentences 138 Giving authors within in-text citations 138 Citing more than one source 138 The order for listing citations 139 Page numbers and in-text citations 139 Page numbers and paraphrasing 140 Page numbers and summarising 140 Citing secondary sources 140 Citing numerical sources 141 Citing audiovisual sources 141 Citing films, videos, and DVDs (not downloaded) 142 Citing digital formats 143 Quality control and online sources 143 Corporate authors 144 Dates and online sources 145 Page numbers and online sources 145 Downloads 145 Citing the speaker as author 145 Citing the organisation as corporate author 145 Citing personal communications 146 Citing blogs 146 Citing online discussion fora and mailing lists 146 Decisions about citing 146 The list of references 147 The link between in-text citations and the list of references 147 How to construct a list of references 147 Use your judgement 148 Referencing books and similar types of sources 148 Books 148 Authors 149 Editors 150 Translators 150 Dates of publication 150 Editions 151 Titles 151 Capitalisation when referencing books 151 Place of publication 152 Publisher 152 Other types of books 153 Referencing secondary sources 154 Referencing journal articles and similar types of sources 155 Journal articles 155 Accessing journal articles online 155 Newspapers and magazines 156 Referencing websites and similar types of sources 157 Audiovisual recordings as downloads 157 Audiovisual recordings (not downloaded) 158 Blogs 158 Online discussion fora and mailing lists 158 Personal communications 159 Lectures 159 Should you borrow material from lectures? 159 Decisions about referencing 159 Academic Disciplines and Referencing Systems 162 Similarities between referencing styles 163 Humanities 163 Modern Language Association (MLA) style 163 MLA in-text citations 164 MLA list of works cited 164 Social sciences 164 American Psychological Association (APA) style 164 APA in-text citations 164 APA references 165 Sciences 165 Council of Science Editors (CSE) style 165 CSE superscript citations 165 CSE cited references 165 Conclusion: succeeding in the academy 168 Glossary 169 Quiz answers 173 List of references 176 Bibliography 178 Index 179