Intelligent Computing and Communication Systems (Algorithms for Intelligent Systems)

This book discusses a number of intelligent algorithms which are being developed and explored for the next-generation communication systems. These include algorithms enabled with artificial intelligence, machine learning, artificial neural networks, reinforcement learning, fuzzy logic, swarm intelligence and cognitive capabilities. The book provides a comprehensive and insightful understanding of these algorithms, in context with their applications developed recently and also for immediate future communication technologies. It also covers the topics on how to develop intelligent algorithms for computing functionality in the end-to-end networking platforms. Moreover, the book also covers the recent developments, open technological challenges and future directions in the areas of data analysis, applications of the game theory, autonomous entities, evolutionary computation, smart ubiquitous computing and intelligent architectures with major focus on communication technologies and computing platforms. Committees Preface Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Intelligent Communication Systems 1 Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Massive MIMO Systems 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Uplink System Model 2.2 Uplink Pilot Transmission 3 Channel Estimation and Uplink Spectral Efficiency 3.1 Channel Estimation 3.2 Uplink Spectral Efficiency 4 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References 2 Deep Learning-Enabled Interference Management in LTE-D2D Communication 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Model 4 The LSTM Network 5 Numerical Results and Their Analysis 6 Conclusion References 3 Traffic Violations Prediction System on the Basis of Human Behaviour 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Factors Affecting Traffic Violations 2.2 Tools for Assessment 2.3 Technology 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire Preparation 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Architecture 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Work References 4 Recent Developments and Challenges in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)—A Survey 1 Introduction 2 Developments of Intelligent Transport Systems 3 Challenges of Intelligent Transportation Systems 4 Futuristic Possibilities for Intelligent Transportation Systems 5 Conclusion References 5 A Modified YOLO Model for On-Road Vehicle Detection in Varying Weather Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Detection Method 3.2 Network Architecture 3.3 Training Scheme 4 Experimental Results and Analysis 4.1 Data set Description 4.2 Vehicle Detection Results 4.3 Error Analysis 4.4 Comparative Performance Analysis 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References 6 Different Techniques Used in Smart Traffic Light Management System Using CCTV 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Techniques Used for Smart Traffic Light System Using CCTV 3.1 Smart Traffic Lights Using Image Processing Algorithms 3.2 Smart Traffic Lights Using Image Processing Algorithms 3.3 Implementation of Image Processing in Real-Time Traffic Light Control 3.4 Real-Time Area-Based Traffic Density Estimation by Image Processing for Traffic Signal Control System: Bangladesh Perspective 3.5 Smart Traffic Congestion Control System 3.6 Automatic Control of Road Traffic Using Video Processing 3.7 CCTV Traffic Congestion Analysis at Pejompongan Using Case-Based Reasoning 3.8 Smart Traffic Control System with Application of Image Processing Techniques 4 Conclusion References 7 A Novel Rule-Based Expert System for Penalty Prediction for Two-Wheeler’s Traffic Rules Violation in India 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Problem Statement 4 Proposed Expert System 4.1 System Architecture 4.2 Inference Engine (IE) 4.3 Knowledgebase (KB) 5 Implementation and Analysis 5.1 Implementation 5.2 Analysis 6 Conclusion and Future Work References 8 Hybrid Material-Based Dual-Band Yagi-Uda Antenna with Enhanced Gain for the Ku-Band Applications 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 3 Results and Discussion 4 Parametric Analysis 5 Conclusion References 9 Broadband Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of Radome Structures Realized Using Hybrid Equilibrium Optimization Strategy 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background and Analytical Approach Utilized 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Monolithic or Single-Layer Radome Structure 3.2 A-sandwich Radome Structure 3.3 B-sandwich Radome Structure 3.4 C-sandwich Radome Structure 4 Validation of the Adopted Approach 5 Conclusion References 10 Design, Optimization, and Critical Analysis of Metamaterial Superstrate-Coupled High-Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna 1 Introduction 2 Design of Hybrid Metamaterial Superstrate-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna 3 Critical Analysis and Simulated Results 4 Conclusion References 11 Cheating-Tolerant and Threshold-Based Secure Information Exchange Among Propinquity of Adversaries 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Shamir’s (t, n) Threshold Secret Sharing Scheme 4 Proposed Cheating-Tolerant (t, n) SS Schemes 4.1 A Cheating-Tolerant SSS Based on Subset Secret 4.2 Two Cheating-Free SS Schemes Based on Dealer and KGC 5 Conclusion References 12 Physical Layer Security-Based Relay Selection for Wireless Cooperative Networks: A Reinforcement Learning Approach 1 Introduction 2 System Model and Relay Selection 2.1 System Model 2.2 Secrecy Analysis and Relay Selection 3 Intelligent Relay Selection 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References 13 A Review of Security Threats in Software-Defined Networking 1 Introduction 2 SDN Architecture 3 Layered Taxonomy of SDN Security Threats 3.1 Security Threats on Data Plane 3.2 Security Threats on Southbound API 3.3 Security Threats on Control Plane 3.4 Security Threats on Northbound Interface 3.5 Security Threats on Application Plane 4 Conclusion References 14 Hardware-Based Analysis of PCG Signal for Heart Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) 2.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 2.3 Xilinx System Generator 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Preprocessing 3.3 Hardware Analysis 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References 15 Elliptic Curve Cryptography: A Software Implementation 1 Introduction 1.1 Organization of the Paper 2 Elliptic Curves Mathematical Background 3 Implementation Details 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References 16 When Distributed Ledger Technology Meets Traditional Payment Systems—Benefits and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Blockchain Technology 2.1 Types of Blockchain Networks 3 Consensus Algorithms 4 Blockchain Technology and Payment Systems Interplay 5 Challenges in Traditional Payment System and Its Countermeasures 6 Blockchain Technology-Based Payment Applications 7 Conclusion and Future Work References 17 Wireless Lighting System for Rural Households in India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Solar Battery Charging System 2.2 Wireless Power Transferring System 3 Experimentation 3.1 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 18 A Study of OpenStack Networking and Auto-Scaling Using Heat Orchestration Template 1 Introduction 2 OpenStack Ussuri 3 Experiment Setup and Evaluation 4 Conclusion References Part II Intelligent Algorithms: Recent Developments 19 Recent Development, Challenges and Futuristic Trends in Cloud Computing—A Survey 1 Introduction 2 Development in Cloud Computing 3 Challenges in Cloud Computing 4 Futuristic Trends in Cloud Computing 5 Conclusion References 20 A Comparative Approach for Email Spam Detection Using Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Proposed Model 3.1 Phase 1: Data Input and Preprocessing 3.2 Phase 2: Feature Selection and Normalization 3.3 Phase 3: CNN-Based Deep Learning Model 3.4 Phase 4: Result Classification 4 Implementation Results and Performance 5 Conclusion References 21 Sentiment Analysis Algorithms: Classifiers and Their Comparison 1 Introduction 2 Dataset and Preprocessing 3 Classifiers 3.1 K-Nearest Neighbours 3.2 Naive Bayes 3.3 Support Vector Machines (SVMs) 3.4 Logistic Regression 4 Flow Chart 5 Simulation Environment 6 Comparison Parameters 6.1 Accuracy 6.2 Precision 6.3 Training Time 7 Performance Analysis 7.1 Training Time 7.2 Training Set Results 7.3 Test Set Results 8 Conclusion 9 Future Scope References 22 Email Sentiment Classification Using Lexicon-Based Opinion Labeling 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Preprocessing 4 Feature Extraction 4.1 Count Vectorizer 5 Sentiment Classification 5.1 Opinion Lexicon Labeling 6 Experimentation Results 7 Conclusion References 23 Real-Time Facial Emotion Recognition Using Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Dataset 4 Architecture of the Model—Xception (Extreme Version of Inception-V3) 5 Implementation 5.1 Face Detection 5.2 Training the Model 5.3 Prediction in Real Time 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusion and Future Scope References 24 Clustering of Single-Cell Transcriptome Data Based on Evolutionary Algorithm in Assimilation with Fuzzy C-Means 1 Introduction 2 Weighted Distance as a Similarity Measure 3 Gray Wolf Optimizer Algorithm 4 Proposed Method 4.1 Population Initialization 4.2 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm 4.3 Generation of Candidate Solution 4.4 Updating Position and Weighting of Search Agents 4.5 Terminating Criteria 5 Experiment and Result 5.1 Data Preprocessing, Normalization, and Feature Selection 5.2 Analysis of Clustering Result 5.3 Identification of Cell Types and Transcriptomes in Spleen Tissue of Mus Musculus 6 Conclusion and Future Work References 25 Waste Segregation to Ease Recyclability 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Capsule Neural Network 4 Dataset Description 5 Proposed Architecture 6 Performance Parameters 7 Results and Observations 8 Conclusion and Future Work Reference 26 Comparative Analysis of Intelligent Systems using Support Vector Machine for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Dataset Acquisition and Analysis 3.2 Image Enhancement 3.3 Feature Extraction 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References 27 Case-Based Expert System for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 The Proposed Case-Based Expert System for Diabetic Retinopathy (CBESDR) 3.1 Stage 1: Image Enhancement 3.2 Stage 2: Feature Extraction 3.3 Stage 3: Case Representation 3.4 Stage 4: Case Retrieval of KNN 3.5 Stage 5: Case Reuse and Revision 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References 28 Decision Making Using Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy Set-Based Similarity Measure 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Similarity Measure for Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets 4 Algorithmic Approach 5 Applications and Comparative Analysis 6 Conclusion References 29 Forest Combustion Recognition Using Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of the Approach 3 Proposed Model 3.1 Method 3.2 Speculative Approach 3.3 Solution 3.4 Importing Building Libraries, Layers, and Their Working 4 Experimental Analysis 4.1 Results 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References 30 The Importance of Diversity in Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Basic Concepts 3 The Importance of Diversity 3.1 Density Estimators 3.2 Mating Restrictions 3.3 Secondary Populations 4 Recent Advances on Diversity in MOEAs 5 Some Challenges in This Area 6 Conclusions References 31 Viewer’s Sentiments on Game of Thrones: An Automated Lexicon-Based Sentiment Analysis on Real-Time YouTube Comments 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Implementation of “AutoSentilyser” 4 Case Study on GOT Season [8] Episodes 4.1 Critical Analysis 5 Conclusion References 32 Improving the Accuracy of Writer Detection of Handwritten Text Using Image Hashing 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Image Hashing 3.2 Dynamic Time Warping 4 Implementation and Results 5 Conclusion References 33 Software Defect Prediction by Strong Machine Learning Classifier 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Approach 4 Data sets and Performance Measure 4.1 Data set 4.2 Performance Measure 5 Result 6 Conclusion References 34 FECG Extraction Using 1D Convolution Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Existing Noise Reduction Techniques Using Machine Learning 3 Methods and Materials 3.1 Data Collection and Organization 3.2 Development of Proposed 1D CNN Model 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References 35 HMM Model for Brain Tumor Detection and Classification 1 Introduction 2 Recent Work 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Performance Analysis Parameters 5 Conclusion References 36 ANN Control Algorithms with Different Training Methods as Applied to PMSM Drive 1 Introduction 2 Modelling of PMSM 3 Field-Oriented Control of PMSM 4 ANN Speed Controller Implementation 5 Results 6 Conclusion References 37 An Analysis and Comparison of Community Detection Algorithms in Online Social Networks 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and Literature Survey 3 Community Discovery Algorithms 3.1 Community Discovery Utilizing Label Propagation 3.2 Community Discovery Centered on Semantic 4 Cluster Discovery Techniques 4.1 Overlapping Community Detection Using Clique-Based Techniques 5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions References 38 A Deep Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection Using Non-symmetric Auto-encoder 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Deep Learning 2.2 Auto-encoder 2.3 Stacked Auto-encoder (SAE) 3 Existing Work 4 Proposed Methodology 5 Performance Evaluation 6 Experimental Results 7 Conclusion and Future Work References 39 Efficient Deep Learning Framework with Group Convolution for Segmentation of Histopathology Image 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Architecture 4 Training and Implementation 4.1 Description of Dataset 5 Performance Metrics and Results 5.1 Comparison of Methods 6 Conclusion References 40 Dynamic Reusability Measurement Using Machine Learning Algorithms in Object-Oriented Environment 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Proposed Formula 3.2 Proposed Fuzzy Logic Model 4 Experimental Study 5 Conclusion References 41 Comparison of Different Machine Learning and Deep Learning Emotion Detection Models 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Introduction to Technologies Used 3.1 Data set 3.2 Libraries 3.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models Used 4 Modelling and Simulation 4.1 Mobilenet Network Structure 4.2 Pseudo-code 4.3 Simulation and Outputs 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Machine Learning-based Algorithms Accuracy 5.2 Deep Learning-based Models Accuracy 6 Conclusion References 42 An Improvised Particle Swarm Optimization Using Balanced Local Best 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 The Original Version of PSO 4 Proposed Methodology 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusion References