Intervention and reflection : basic issues in bioethics

Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Physicians, Patients, And Others: Roles And Responsibilities -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: Donald (dax) Cowart Rejects Treatment[—]and Is Ignored -- Social Context: Autism And Vaccination -- Case Presentation: Faith And Medicine: Suffer The Little Children? -- Social Context: For Their Own Good: Placebos And Paternalism -- Social Context: The Obesity Epidemic: Autonomy Versus Public Health -- Case Presentation: The Psychology Of Torture -- Case Presentation: Healing The Hmong -- Briefing Session -- Autonomy -- Paternalism -- State Paternalism In Medicine -- Personal Paternalism In Medicine -- Informed Consent And Medical Interests -- Informed Consent And Do No Harm -- Whose Consent? Whose Interests? -- Truth Telling In Medicine -- Placebos -- Dignity And Consent -- Confidentiality -- Breaching Confidentiality -- Duty To Warn? -- Health Insurance And Confidentiality -- Hipaa Regulations -- Ethical Theories: Autonomy, Truth Telling, Confidentiality -- Readings -- Section 1 Patient Autonomy And Medical Ethics -- Onora O'neill: Paternalism And Partial Autonomy -- Gerald Dworkin: Paternalism -- Dax Cowart And Robert Burt: Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue -- Gerald Dworkin: Patients And Prisoners: The Ethics Of Lethal Injection -- Section 2 Children And Informed Consent -- Anita Catlin: The Dilemma Of Jehovah's Witness Children Who Need Blood To Survive -- Eugene Rosam: Reply To Anita Catlin -- Section 3 Truth Telling And Confidentiality -- Michelle Gold: Is Honesty Always The Best Policy? -- Susan Cullen And Margaret Klein: Respect For Patients, Physicians, And The Truth -- Mark Siegler: Confidentiality In Medicine-a Decrepit Concept -- Supreme Court Of California: Decision In The Tarasoff Case -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. When Prayer Is Not Enough -- 2. Protecting Against Disease -- 3. Weight Cops -- 4. Maternal[—]fetal Conflict -- 5. Pregnancy Vs. Autonomy? -- 6. Should Doctors Take No For An Answer? -- 7. Vampire Confession -- 8. Nurse Or Executioner? -- 2. Research Ethics And Informed Consent -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: The Afterlife Of Henrietta Lacks: Consent, Research, And Race -- Case Presentation: Abigail Alliance V. Fda: Do Terminally Iii People Have A Right To Take Experimental Drugs? -- Case Presentation: Jesse Gelsinger: The First Gene-therapy Death -- Case Presentation: From Vioxx To The Asr Implant: Do Research Sponsors Suppress Bad News? -- Social Context: Prisoners As Test Subjects? -- Social Context: The Cold-war Radiation Experiments -- Case Presentation: The Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments -- Case Presentation: Baby Fae -- Briefing Session -- Clinical Trials -- Informed Part Of Informed Consent -- Consent Part Of Informed Consent -- Vulnerable Populations -- Medical Research And Medical Therapy -- Investigators And Financial Conflict -- Placebos And Research -- Therapeutic And Nontherapeutic Research -- Medical Research In A Pluralistic Society -- Medical Research And Identity -- Research Involving Children -- Research Involving Prisoners -- Research Involving The Poor -- Research Involving The Terminally Iii -- Research Involving Fetuses -- Research Involving Animals -- Summary -- Ethical Theories: Medical Research And Informed Consent -- Utilitarianism -- Kant -- Ross -- Natural Law -- Rawls -- Theories Of Identity, Care, And Capability -- Readings -- Section 1 Consent And Experimentation -- Stephen Goldby, Saul Krugman, M.h. Pappworth, And Geoffrey Edsall: The Willowbrook Letters: Criticism And Defense -- Paul Ramsey: Judgment On Willowbrook -- Principles Of The Nuremberg Code -- World Medical Association: Declaration Of Helsinki[—]ethical Principles For Medical Research Involving Human Subjects -- National Commission For The Protection Of Human Subjects: Belmont Report -- Hans Jonas: Philosophical Reflections On Experimenting With Human Subjects -- Section 2 The Ethics Of Randomized Clinical Trials -- Samuel Hellman And Deborah S. Hellman: Of Mice But Not Men: Problems Of The Randomized Clinical Trial -- Eugene Passamani: Clinical Trials: Are They Ethical? -- Section 3 Conflicts Of Interest -- Marcia Angell: Drug Companies And Medicine: What Money Can Buy -- Emma D'arcy: A Partnership Worth Promoting -- Section 4 Access To Experimental Drugs -- Judith W. Rogers: Abigail Alliance V. Fda Majority Opinion: Patients Have A Right To Have Access To Experimental Drugs -- Thomas B. Griffith: Abigail Alliance V. Fda Dissenting Opinion: Patients Have No Right To Experimental Drugs -- Section 5 Animal Experimentation -- Peter Singer: Animal Experimentation -- Carl Cohen: The Case For The Use Of Animals In Biomedical Research -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Right To Try? -- 2. Genuine Consent? -- 3. Guinea-pigging -- 4. Facebook Lab Rats? -- 5. Phase I And Consent -- 6. Using Nazi Data -- 7. Tissue Theft? -- 8. Boyd Rush: The First Animal[—]human Transplant -- 9. When The Numbers Are Small, Can A Trial Be Ethical? -- 10. Primate Head Trauma -- 3. Genetic Control -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: Genae Girard And Gene Patents -- Social Context: The Promise Of Precision Medicine -- Case Presentation: The Crispr Revolution -- Case Presentation: Testing For Genetic Risk: The Angelina Jolie Effect -- Social Context: Prenatal Genetic Testing -- Case Presentation: Huntington's Disease: Deadly Disorder, Personal Dilemmas -- Case Presentation: The Threat Of Genetic Discrimination -- Case Presentation: Gene Therapy: Risks And Rewards -- Social Context: The Human Genome Project: Genes, Diseases, And The Personal Genome -- Social Context: Stem Cells: The End Of The Battle? -- Briefing Session -- Genetic Intervention: Screening, Counseling, And Diagnosis -- Genetic Disease -- Genetic Screening -- Genetic Counseling -- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis -- Ethical Difficulties With Genetic Intervention -- Eugenics -- Negative And Positive Eugenics -- Germ Cell Selection And Engineering -- Ethical Difficulties With Eugenics -- Genetic Research, Therapy, And Technology -- Double Helix -- Recombinant Dna -- Gene Therapy And Gene Editing -- Biohazards And Gmos -- Ethical Difficulties With Genetic Research, Therapy, And Technology -- Readings -- Section 1 Dilemmas Of Genetic Choice -- Jeff Mcmahan: The Morality Of Screening For Disability -- Dena S. Davis: Genetic Dilemmas And The Child's Right To An Open Future -- Section 2 Genetic Interventions: A New Eugenics? -- Julian Savulescu: Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select The Best Children -- Michael J. Sandel: The Case Against Perfection -- Section 3 Genetics And Abortion -- Bonnie Steinbock: Disability, Prenatal Testing, And Selective Abortion -- Leon R. Kass: Implications Of Prenatal Diagnosis For The Human Right To Life -- Section 4 Embryonic Stem Cells -- Gerard Magill And William B. Neaves: Ontological And Ethical Implications Of Direct Nuclear Reprogramming -- Pontifical Academy For Life: Declaration On The Production And The Scientific And Therapeutic Use Of Human Embryonic Stem Cells -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Improving The Society One Embryo At A Time -- 2. Child Like Us -- 3. Screening For Marriage -- 4. Dna Dragnet? -- 5. Duty Not To Reproduce? -- 6. Duty To Tell Or To Remain Silent? -- 7. Choosing Sexual Orientation? -- 4. Reproductive Control -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: Brave New Families -- Case Presentation: Louise Brown: The First Test-tube Baby -- Case Presentation: Egg And Sperm Donors: Risks And Rewards -- Social Context: Advances In Reproductive Cloning -- Case Presentation: Savior Sibling -- Case Presentation: Baby M And Mary Beth Whitehead: Surrogate Pregnancy In Court -- Case Presentation: The Calvert Case: A Gestational Surrogate Changes Her Mind -- Briefing Session -- Techniques Of Assisted Reproduction -- Ivf -- Icsi, Pzd, Dna Transfer, Gift, Zift, Ivc, Coh, And Iui -- Demand -- Effectiveness -- Costs -- Risks -- Artificial Insemination -- Efficacy -- Benefits And Risks -- Donors, Recipients, And Surrogates -- Sperm And Egg Donors -- Recipients -- Surrogates -- Embryos -- Cloning And Twinning -- Ethical And Social Questions -- General Criticisms Of Art -- Impact On Children -- Impact On The Family -- Eugenics -- Dysgenics -- Donors -- Surrogacy -- Cloning -- Ethical Theories And Reproductive Control -- Readings -- Section 1 Assisted Reproduction And The Limits Of Autonomy -- Cynthia B. Cohen: Give Me Children Or I Shall Die! New Reproductive Technologies And Harm To Children -- Gillian Hanscombe: The Right To Lesbian Parenthood -- Congregation For The Doctrine Of The Faith: Instruction On Respect For Human Life In Its Origin And On The Dignity Of Procreation: Replies To Certain Questions Of The Day -- Section 2 Human Reproductive Cloning -- Leon R. Kass: The Wisdom Of Repugnance -- Carson Strong: The Ethics Of Human Reproductive Cloning -- Section 3 Surrogate Pregnancy -- Bonnie Steinbock: Surrogate Motherhood As Prenatal Adoption -- Elizabeth S. Anderson: Is Women's Labor A Commodity? -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Perils Of Multiple Pregnancy -- 2. Looking For The Family Tree -- 3. Embryo = Person? -- 4. Surrogacy And Morality -- 5. Matter Of Autonomy? -- 6. Replacement Child? -- 7. Interest In Existing? -- 8. Family Balance? -- 5. Abortion -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: When Abortion Was Illegal: The Odyssey Of Sherri Finkbine -- Case Presentation: Roe V. Wade Note Continued: Social Context: A Statistical Profile Of Abortion In The United States -- Social Context: Plan B And Emergency Contraception -- Case Presentation: The Abortion Pill: The Rise Of Medication Abortion -- Social Context: The Partial-birth Abortion Controversy -- Social Context: Supreme Court Abortion Decisions After Roe V. Wade -- Social Context: State Abortion Laws: Rolling Back Roe? -- Briefing Session -- Gestational Development -- Abortion And Pregnancy -- Status Of The Fetus -- Pregnancy, Abortion, And The Rights Of Women -- Therapeutic Abortion -- Abortion And The Law -- Ethical Theories And Abortion -- Readings -- Section 1 The Abortion Debate: Beyond Personhood -- Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense Of Abortion -- Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral -- Section 2 Abortion And Personhood Mary Anne Warren: On The Moral And Legal Status Of Abortion -- Patrick Lee And Robert P. George: The Wrong Of Abortion -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Emergency Contraception -- 2. After The Concert -- 3. Procedure By Another Name -- 4. Mail Order Miscarriage -- 5. Disabled And Pregnant -- 6. Whose Life? -- 7. Fetal Reduction -- 8. Family Tragedy -- 9. Unexpected News -- 6. Dilemma Of Impaired Infants -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: The Agony Of Bente Hindriks -- Social Context: The Dilemma Of Extreme Prematurity -- Case Presentation: Baby Owens: Down Syndrome And Duodenal Atresia -- Social Context: The Baby Doe Cases -- Case Presentation: Baby K:an Anencephalic Infant And A Mother's Request -- Briefing Session -- Genetic And Congenital Impairments -- Specific Impairments -- Down Syndrome -- Spina Bifida -- Hydrocephaly -- Anencephaly -- Esophageal Atresia -- Duodenal Atresia -- Problems Of Extreme Prematurity -- Testing For Impairments -- Amniocentesis And Cvs -- Triple Test -- Cell-free Dna Analysis -- Ethical Theories And The Problem Of Birth Impairments -- Envoi -- Readings -- Section 1 The Groningen Protocol -- James Lemuel Smith: The Groningen Protocol: The Why And The What -- Section 2 The Ashley Treatment -- Ashley's Mom And Dad: The Ashley Treatment -- S. Matthew Liao, Julian Savulescu, And Mark Sheehan: The Ashley Treatment. Best Interests, Convenience, And Parental Decision-making -- Section 3 The Status Of Impaired Infants -- John A. Robertson: Examination Of Arguments In Favor Of Withholding Ordinary Medical Care From Defective Infants -- H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.: Ethical Issues In Aiding The Death Of Young Children -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Wrongful Life? -- 2. Another Ashley? -- 3. No Food, No Water? -- 4. Messenger Case -- 5. Pointless Suffering? -- 7. Euthanasia And Physician-assisted Death -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: Brittany Maynard And Physician-assisted Death -- Social Context: When The Diagnosis Is Death -- Case Presentation: Karen Quinlan -- Case Presentation: The Cruzan Case: The Supreme Court Upholds The Right To Die -- Case Presentation: Jack Kevorkian: Moral Leader Or Doctor Death? -- Case Presentation: Terri Schiavo -- Briefing Session -- Active And Passive Euthanasia -- Voluntary, Involuntary, And Nonvoluntary Euthanasia -- Defining Death -- Advance Directives And Refusal Of Treatment -- Death And Meaning -- Ethical Theories And Euthanasia -- Readings -- Section 1 The Killing[—]letting-die Distinction -- James Rachels: Active And Passive Euthanasia -- Winston Nesbitt: Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? -- Section 2 The Debate Over Euthanasia And Assisted Death -- J. Gay-williams: The Wrongfulness Of Euthanasia -- Peter Singer: Voluntary Euthanasia: A Utilitarian Perspective -- Section 3 Competence And Advance Directives -- Supreme Court Of New Jersey: In The Matter Of Karen Quinlan, An Alleged Incompetent -- David Degrazia: Advance Directives, Dementia, And The Someone Else Problem -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Not The Same Person -- 2. Timothy Quill Case -- 3. What Would He Want? -- 4. Batting Case -- 5. Angel Of Mercy? -- 8. Organ Transplants And Scarce Medical Resources -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: Lungs For Sarah Murnaghan -- Case Presentation: Did Steve Jobs Buy A Liver? -- Social Context: Acquiring And Allocating Transplant Organs -- Case Presentation: The Prisoner Who Needed A Heart -- Case Presentation: The God Committee: Distributing Dialysis In Seattle -- Case Presentation: Transplants And Disability -- Briefing Session -- Transplants, Kidneys, And Machines -- Controlling Rejection -- Allocation And Scarcity -- Kidney Machines In Seattle -- Dialysis Costs And Decisions -- Microallocation Vs. Macroallocation -- Ethical Theories And The Allocation Of Medical Resources -- Readings -- Section 1 Who Deserves Transplant Organs? -- Jacob M. Appel: Wanted, Dead Or Alive? Kidney Transplantation In Inmates Awaiting Execution -- Carl Cohen, Martin Benjamin, And The Ethics And Social Impact Committee Of The Transplant And Health Policy Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Alcoholics And Liver Transplantation -- Section 2 Acquiring Transplant Organs -- Ronald Munson: The Donor's Right To Take A Risk -- Janet Radcliffe-richards, A.s. Daar, R.d. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R.a. Sells, N. Tilney, And The International Forum For Transplant Ethics: The Case For Allowing Kidney Sales -- Kishore D. Phadke And Urmila Anandh: Refuse To Support The Illegal Organ Trade -- Section 3 Allocation Principles In Medicine -- George J. Annas: Rationing Schemes For Organ Transplantation -- Ezekiel J. Emanuel And Alan Wertheimer: Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can? -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. First Come, First Served? -- 2. Robbing The Dead? -- 3. Taking A Chance For Love -- 4. Buying A Liver -- 5. Selling A Kidney -- 6. Lifestyle Factors -- 7. How Many Livers Are Fair? -- 8. Who Gets The Ventilators? -- 9. Distributing Health Care -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: The Way It Was: Robert Ingram Can't Afford To Be Sick -- Social Context: The Affordable Care Act -- Social Context: The Health Care Crisis: The Road To Reform -- Briefing Session -- Needs And Rights -- Claim Rights, Legal Rights, And Statutory Rights -- Moral Rights -- Political Rights -- Health Care As A Right -- Objections -- Readings -- Section 1 Health Care And Equal Opportunity -- Kai Nielsen: Autonomy, Equality And A Just Health Care System -- Norman Daniels: Equal Opportunity And Health Care -- Section 2 Health Care And The Affordable Care Act -- Mark A. Hall And Richard Lord: Obamacare: What The Affordable Care Act Means For Patients And Physicians -- Avik Roy: How To Transcend Obamacare -- John P. Geyman: Some Lessons From The Affordable Care Act's First Five Years -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Free Rider -- 2. Custodial Care -- 3. Rationing Or Realism? -- 4. Not The Best Option -- 5. Should Women Pay Higher Premiums? -- 10. Medicine In A Pluralistic Society -- Cases And Contexts -- Social Context: Women, Men, And Biomedical Research -- Case Presentation: Policing Pregnancy -- Case Presentation: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Bad Blood, Bad Faith -- Social Context: Race, Poverty, And Disparity: A Crisis In Public Health -- Case Presentation: Bidil And Beyond: The Controversy Over Race-based Medicine -- Case Presentation: The Bouvia Precedent: Patient Autonomy Or Disability Discrimination? -- Case Presentation: Lee Larson And Cochlear Implants -- Case Presentation: Intersex Care: Beyond Shame And Surgery -- Social Context: The Dsm And Sexual Minorities -- Briefing Session -- Concepts Of Race And Ethnicity -- Traditional Concepts Of Race -- Race As Proxy -- Race As Construct -- Concepts Of Sex, Gender, And Sexuality -- Concepts Of Sex -- Concepts Of Gender -- Concepts Of Sexual Orientation -- Concepts Of Disability -- Medical Concepts Of Disability -- Social Concepts Of Disability -- Disability As Difference -- Nature And Norms -- Readings -- Section 1 Gender, Research, And Medicine -- Hilde Lindemann: The Woman Question In Medicine -- Howard Minkoff And Lynn M. Paltrow: The Rights Of Unborn Children And The Value Of Pregnant Women -- Section 2 Race, Research, And Medicine -- Patricia A. King: The Dangers Of Difference: The Legacy Of The Tuskegee Syphilis Study -- Dorothy E. Roberts: What's Wrong With Race-based Medicine? -- Annette Dula: Bioethics: The Need For A Dialogue With African Americans -- Section 3 Bioethics And Sexual Minorities -- Tia Powell And Edward Stein: Legal And Ethical Concerns About Sexual Orientation Change Efforts -- Alice Dreger: Sex Beyond The Karyotype -- Section 4 Bioethics And Disability -- Susan Wendell: Who Is Disabled? Defining Disability -- Thomas S. Szasz: The Myth Of Mental Illness -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Gender And Clinical Trials -- 2. Racism And Patient Autonomy -- 3. Pregnancy And Cocaine -- 4. Gender Dysphoria? -- 5. Neurodiversity? -- 6. Race-based Medicine? -- 11. Challenge Of Global Bioethics -- Cases And Contexts -- Case Presentation: The Devil's Experiment: Std Research In Guatemala -- Case Presentation: Clinical Trials In The Developing World -- Social Context: Pandemic: Aids Worldwide -- Case Presentation: Cutting And Culture -- Briefing Session -- Duty And Disparity -- Globalized Clinical Trials? -- Relativism And Pluralism -- Readings -- Section 1 Global Health And Distributive Justice -- David B. Resnik: The Distribution Of Biomedical Research Resources And International Justice -- A.j. Mcmichael, S. Friel, A. Nyong, And C. Corvalan: Global Environmental Change And Health: Impacts And Inequalities Note Continued: Section 2 Clinical Trials In The Developing World -- George J. Annas And Michael A. Grodin: Human Rights And Maternal[—]fetal Hiv Transmission Prevention Trials In Africa -- Danstan Bagenda And Philippa Musoke-mudido: We're Trying To Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them -- Section 3 Health, Culture, And Globalization -- Angela Wasunna: Redirecting The Female Circumcision Debate -- Sirkku K. Hellsten: Global Bioethics: Utopia Or Reality? -- Decision Scenarios -- 1. Global Crises, Individual Responsibilities? -- 2. Trovan Trial -- 3. Circumcision Or Mutilation? -- 4. Debts And Disparities -- 5. Abcs -- 6. Tuskegee In The Congo? -- 12. Ethical Theories, Moral Principles, And Medical Decisions -- Basic Ethical Theories -- Utilitarianism -- Principle Of Utility -- Act And Rule Utilitarianism -- Preference Utilitarianism -- Difficulties With Utilitarianism -- Kant's Ethics -- Categorical Imperative -- Another Formulation -- Duty -- Kant's Ethics In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Kantian Ethics -- Ross's Ethics -- Moral Properties And Rules -- Actual Duties And Prima Facie Duties -- Ross's Ethics In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Ross's Moral Rules -- Rawls's Theory Of Justice -- Original Position And The Principles Of Justice -- Rawls's Theory Of Justice In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Rawls's Theory -- Natural Law Ethics And Moral Theology -- Purposes, Reason, And The Moral Law As Interpreted By Roman Catholicism -- Applications Of Roman Catholic Moral[—]theological Viewpoints In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Natural Law Ethics And Moral Theology -- Major Moral Principles -- Principle Of Nonmaleficence -- Principle Of Beneficence -- Principle Of Utility -- Principles Of Distributive Justice -- Principle Of Equality -- Principle Of Need -- Principle Of Contribution -- Principle Of Effort -- Principle Of Autonomy -- Autonomy And Actions -- Autonomy And Options -- Autonomy And Decision-making -- Restrictions On Autonomy -- Beyond Principlism -- Capabilities Approach -- Central Capabilities -- Capabilities Approach In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With The Capabilities Approach -- Virtue Ethics -- Virtues -- Virtue Ethics In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Virtue Ethics -- Care Ethics -- Values, Not Principles -- Care Ethics In The Medical Context -- Difficulties With Care Ethics -- Feminist Ethics And Critical Theories Of Identity -- Critical Theories Of Identity In A Medical Context -- Difficulties With Identity-based Ethical Theories. [selected By] Ronald Munson, Ian Lague. Previous Edition: 2012. Includes Bibliographical References.