Introducing Archaeology, Third Edition

"Now in its third edition, 'Introducing Archaeology' continues to be a thoughtful and engaging textbook for introductory-level students. Covering traditional fixtures of archaeology, such as methods and prehistory, the new edition opens up the greater conversation of feminist archaeology and the current state of archaeology, discussing issues of sexual harassment and abuse, inclusion, and the lack of diverse voices in the field. The third edition highlights recent archaeological developments and the social and political contexts of archaeology, including the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), Camp Delta (Guantanamo Bay), and Indigenous residential schools. The authors also manage to integrate some playful topics, such as the archaeology of children's graffiti and the domestication of dogs, while delving further into contemporary issues like climate change. The ultimate goal is to encourage students to examine the world that surrounds them with new eyes using archaeological methodologies. The third edition incorporates more color images than in previous editions and is accompanied by an updated instructor's manual, test bank, and PowerPoint slides."-- Provided by publisher Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright 5 CONTENTS 6 FIGURES 10 TABLES 12 TEXT BOXES 14 NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS 16 NOTE TO STUDENTS 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 20 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 22 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION 24 PROLOGUE: IT’S MORE THAN VIKING HOARDS, SHIPWRECKS, AND LOVERS ENTANGLED IN DEATH 26 CHAPTER 1: SITUATING ARCHAEOLOGY 30 Introduction 30 The Allure of Archaeology 30 The Lens of Archaeology 33 Defining Archaeology 34 A Scholarly Endeavor, a Profession, and a Craft 35 Archaeology versus Archeology 36 Contextualizing Archaeology 37 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF ACADEMIA 37 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 39 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICS 41 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 44 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF POPULAR CULTURE 44 Rationalizing Archaeology 47 Basic Concepts in Archaeology 49 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 51 CHAPTER 2: LOOKING AT ARCHAEOLOGY’S PAST 54 Introduction 54 From the Ancient Philosophers to the End of the Eighteenth Century 54 Archaeology in the Nineteenth Century 59 Archaeology in the Twentieth Century 62 FOCUSING ON DESCRIPTION (c. 1900–1965) 62 A NEW ARCHAEOLOGY EMERGES: THE 1960S 66 ARCHAEOLOGY BECOMES DIVERSIFIED: THE 1970S 67 A NEWER, MORE CRITICAL ARCHAEOLOGY EMERGES: THE 1980S 68 Recent History of Archaeology 71 DECOLONIZING ARCHAEOLOGY 73 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 75 CHAPTER 3: MANAGING ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 78 Introduction 78 The Four Major Types of Archaeology 78 ACADEMIC ARCHAEOLOGY 78 ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 79 INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY 81 AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY 82 Subfields of Archaeology 82 National and International Heritage Management 87 Ethics and Archaeology 97 PROTECTION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 97 COMMERCIALIZATION 99 RESPONSIBILITIES TO VARIOUS GROUPS 99 Career Tracks in Archaeology 101 Sharing Information 101 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 102 CHAPTER 4: COMPREHENDING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 104 Introduction 104 Defining the Archaeological Record and Its Components 104 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 104 ARTIFACTS 107 FEATURES 108 ECOFACTS 108 CULTURAL LANDSCAPES 109 Creating Archaeological Sites 109 HOW SITES ARE INITIALLY CREATED 110 NATURAL SEDIMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 113 Understanding Bias in the Preservation of Material Remains 115 MATERIAL BIAS 116 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 116 Site Disturbance 118 NATURAL DISTURBANCE 119 CULTURAL DISTURBANCE 121 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 122 CHAPTER 5: WORKING IN THE FIELD 124 Introduction 124 Designing Archaeological Field Projects 124 IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR FIELD RESEARCH 125 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 125 FORMULATING HYPOTHESES AND STATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS 126 DETERMINING THE TYPES OF DATA TO COLLECT 126 DETERMINING THE METHODS TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA 127 LOGISTICS 127 COLLECTING DATA 127 MAKING THE DATA MEANINGFUL 128 MAKING THE RESEARCH MEANINGFUL 128 Discovering Archaeological Sites 129 FORTUITOUS DISCOVERY 129 PREDICTIVE MODELING AND CONSULTATION 129 AERIAL-BASED REMOTE SENSING 130 GROUND-BASED REMOTE SENSING 132 SURFACE SURVEY 133 USING SAMPLES TO SEARCH FOR SITES 134 Excavation 136 DECIDING WHERE AND HOW MUCH TO DIG 136 Field Laboratories 140 Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology: Research Design and Field Methods 140 Hazards of Fieldwork 142 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 144 CHAPTER 6: WORKING IN THE LABORATORY 146 Introduction 146 Laboratory Processes 146 Artifact Analysis 148 CLASSIFICATION 148 LITHIC ANALYSIS 149 CERAMIC ANALYSIS 152 ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC ARTIFACTS 154 ANALYSIS OF METAL AND GLASS 154 QUANTIFICATION OF ARTIFACTS 155 Ecofact Analysis 155 ANIMAL REMAINS 155 BOTANICAL REMAINS 156 SEDIMENT ANALYSIS 156 Analysis of Human Remains 157 DETERMINING AGE AT DEATH 159 DETERMINING SEX 161 OTHER DETERMINATIONS 161 Using DNA in Archaeology 163 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 164 CHAPTER 7: RECONSTRUCTING CULTURE HISTORY 166 Introduction 166 Determining Antiquity 166 RELATIVE DATING 166 ABSOLUTE DATING TECHNIQUES 170 Conceptualizing Time 175 CONCEPTUALIZING DEEP TIME 175 GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS 175 MAJOR DESCRIPTIVE AND ANALYTICAL UNITS IN PREHISTORY 176 World Prehistory 178 HUMAN BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 179 EARLY TOOLS IN AFRICA 180 NEW LANDS, NEW TOOLS 181 EARLY HUNTING AND FIRE USE 181 DELIBERATE BURIALS AND SOPHISTICATED ART 182 COLONIZING AUSTRALIA AND THE AMERICAS 183 CERAMICS AND POTTERY 184 DOMESTICATING PLANTS AND ANIMALS, SETTLING DOWN, RISING POPULATIONS, AND INCREASING SOCIAL COMPLEXITY 184 Ancient Civilizations 186 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 187 CHAPTER 8: RECONSTRUCTING ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS 190 Introduction 190 Reconstructing Paleoenvironments 190 DETERMINING WHAT PEOPLE WERE ADAPTING TO 190 DISCOVERING WHERE TO LOOK FOR SITES 191 RECONSTRUCTING SITE FORMATION AND DISTURBANCE PROCESSES 191 METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTING PALEOENVIRONMENTS 192 Reconstructing Settlement Patterns 193 INDIVIDUAL HOUSES 194 SINGLE SETTLEMENTS 195 TRADITIONAL TERRITORY 196 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 197 ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZE 197 Reconstructing Subsistence Strategies 198 GENERALIZED FORAGING 198 SPECIALIZED FORAGING 199 PASTORALISM 200 HORTICULTURE 200 AGRICULTURE 201 Distinguishing Wild Plants and Animals from Domestic 201 PLANT DOMESTICATION 201 ANIMAL DOMESTICATION 202 Reconstructing Diet 204 PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS IN CULTURAL CONTEXT 205 HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS 205 HUMAN WASTE 206 HUMAN SOFT TISSUE 206 RESIDUE ANALYSIS 207 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 207 CHAPTER 9: RECONSTRUCTING THE SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CULTURE 210 Introduction 210 Reconstructing Inequality 211 Reconstructing Types of Societies 212 BANDS 213 TRIBES 213 CHIEFDOMS 214 STATES 215 EMPIRES 215 Reconstructing Identity 216 ETHNIC IDENTITY 217 DESCENT GROUPS 218 SEX AND GENDER 219 CHILDREN 219 SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS 221 Reconstructing Ideology 222 SACRED SITES AND RELIGIOUS RITUAL 222 MORTUARY PRACTICES 224 THE MEANING OF ART 225 CANNIBALISM AND TREPANATION 227 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 229 CHAPTER 10: EXPLAINING THINGS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST 232 Introduction 232 Three Levels of Archaeological Research 232 Mechanisms of Culture Change 234 Conceptual Frameworks 236 ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 236 SOCIAL FRAMEWORKS 238 IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 238 Explaining the Transition to Food Production 239 Explaining the Collapse of Civilizations 242 Understanding Bias in Archaeological Explanations 244 Evaluating Competing Explanations 246 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 251 CHAPTER 11: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW 254 The Current State of Archaeology 254 Archaeologies of the Contemporary 256 ACTIVIST, ACTION, AND SIMILAR ARCHAEOLOGIES 256 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF INCARCERATION AND FORCED REMOVAL 260 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DISENFRANCHISED, THE VOICELESS, AND THE INVISIBLE 264 FORENSIC AND DISASTER ARCHAEOLOGIES 268 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CONTEMPORARY WASTE 270 Digital Archaeology 271 Archaeology, Climate Change, and Sustainability 273 Predicting the Future of Archaeology 276 Interpreting the Present in the Future 278 Final Comments 280 KEY RESOURCES AND SUGGESTED READING 281 GLOSSARY 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 INDEX 314 "Now in its third edition, Introducing Archaeology continues to be a thoughtful and engaging textbook for introductory-level students. Covering traditional fixtures of archaeology, such as methods and prehistory, the new edition opens up the greater conversation of feminist archaeology and the current state of archaeology, discussing issues of sexual harassment and abuse, inclusion, and the lack of diverse voices in the field. The third edition highlights recent archaeological developments and the social and political contexts of archaeology, including the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), Camp Delta (Guantanamo Bay), and Indigenous residential schools. The authors also manage to integrate some playful topics, such as the archaeology of children's graffiti and the domestication of dogs, while delving further into contemporary issues like climate change. The ultimate goal is to encourage students to examine the world that surrounds them with new eyes using archaeological methodologies. The third edition incorporates more color images than in previous editions and is accompanied by an updated instructor's manual, test bank, and PowerPoint slides. "-- Résumé de l'éditeur Now in its third edition, Introducing Archaeology continues to be a lively and approachable textbook for introductory-level students. Covering traditional elements of archaeology, including methods and prehistory, the new edition also opens up greater conversations about the current state of archaeology, discussing issues of representation, inclusion, and diversity in the field. The authors highlight recent developments in digital and public archaeology, as well as the social and political contexts of doing archaeological fieldwork. A new prologue challenges common misconceptions about archaeology portrayed by mainstream media. The result is a book that encourages students to critically examine the present by investigating the archaeological past. The third edition features over 50 full-color images and is accompanied by updated instructor materials and student resources. For more information see www.introducingarchaeology.com.