Introduction to Audiology (Pearson Communication Sciences and Disorders)

"This comprehensive, well-organized introduction to hearing and balance disorders gives students a number of vital tools to help them better understand, retain, and analyze the material. Now available as an interactive e Text with a number of accompanying advantages, Introduction to Audiology, 12/e by Martin and Clark continues to update the material to keep content current with recent research, while retaining and improving a user-friendly approach to the topics and an abundance of how-to information which shows the rewarding, fascinating aspects of a career in audiology. This new edition includes 20 video clips interspersed throughout, a variety of interactive test questions, expanded Evolving Case Studies, a list of frequently asked questions, and the use of color to enhance selected illustrations and photographs. The Enhanced Pearson e Text features embedded video to illustrate key concepts and pop-up assessments to help students assess their proficiency." --Publisher Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 About the Authors 10 Preface 12 Acknowledgments 14 Contents 16 Part I: Elements of Audiology 23 1 The Profession of Audiology 25 The Evolution of Audiology 26 Licensing and Certification 27 Prevalence and Impact of Hearing Loss 28 A Blending of Art and Science 29 Audiology Specialties 30 Employment Settings 34 Professional Societies 35 Summary 35 Websites 36 Frequently Asked Questions 36 Suggested Reading 36 Endnote 36 2 The Human Ear and Simple Tests of Hearing 37 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear 38 Pathways of Sound 38 Types of Hearing Loss 39 Hearing Tests 41 Tuning Fork Tests 41 Summary 48 Frequently Asked Questions 49 Endnotes 50 3 Sound and Its Measurement 51 Sound 52 Waves 52 Vibrations 55 Frequency 56 Resonance 57 Sound Velocity 57 Wavelength 58 Phase 59 Complex Sounds 60 Intensity 62 The Decibel 65 Environmental Sounds 70 Psychoacoustics 70 Impedance 74 Sound Measurement 75 Summary 86 Frequently Asked Questions 87 Suggested Reading 88 Endnotes 88 Part II: Hearing assessment 89 4 Pure-Tone Audiometry 91 The Pure-Tone Audiometer 92 Test Environment 93 The Patient’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry 95 The Clinician’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry 97 Air-Conduction Audiometry 98 Bone-Conduction Audiometry 106 The Audiometric Weber Test 109 Audiogram Interpretation 109 Automatic Audiometry 114 Computerized Audiometry 114 Summary 116 Frequently Asked Questions 117 Suggested Reading 118 Endnotes 118 5 Speech Audiometry 119 The Diagnostic Audiometer 120 Test Environment 120 The Patient’s Role in Speech Audiometry 120 The Clinician’s Role in Speech Audiometry 121 Speech-Threshold Testing 121 Bone-Conduction SRT 125 Most Comfortable Loudness Level 127 Uncomfortable Loudness Level 127 Range of Comfortable Loudness 128 Speech-Recognition Testing 128 Computerized Speech Audiometry 139 Summary 141 Frequently Asked Questions 145 Suggested Reading 146 Endnote 146 6 Masking 147 Cross Hearing in Air-and Bone-Conduction Audiometry 148 Masking 149 Masking for the Speech-Recognition Threshold 163 Cross Hearing and Masking in Speech-Recognition Score Testing 166 Summary 169 Frequently Asked Questions 170 Suggested Reading 170 Endnote 170 7 Physiological Tests of the Auditory System 171 Combined Speech and Pure-Tone Audiometry with Immittance Measures 172 Acoustic Immittance 172 Acoustic Reflexes 180 Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs) 186 Laser-Doppler Vibrometer Measurement 189 Auditory-Evoked Potentials 190 A Historical Note 201 Summary 204 Frequently Asked Questions 205 Suggested Reading 206 8 Pediatric Audiology 207 Auditory Responses 208 Identifying Hearing Loss in Infants under 3 Months of Age 209 Objective Testing in Routine Pediatric Hearing Evaluation 214 Behavioral Testing of Children from Birth to Approximately 2 Years of Age 217 Behavioral Testing of Children Approximately 2 to 5 Years of Age 220 Language Disorders 226 Auditory Processing Disorders 227 Auditory Neuropathy in Children 228 Psychological Disorders 228 Developmental Disabilities 228 Identifying Hearing Loss in the Schools 228 Nonorganic Hearing Loss in Children 232 Summary 234 Frequently Asked Questions 235 Suggested Reading 236 Endnotes 236 Part III: Hearing Disorders 237 9 The Outer Ear 239 Anatomy and Physiology of the Outer Ear 240 Development of the Outer Ear 244 Hearing Loss and the Outer Ear 245 Disorders of the Outer Ear and Their Treatments 245 Summary 255 Frequently Asked Questions 256 Suggested Reading 258 Endnotes 258 10 The Middle Ear 259 Anatomy and Physiology of the Middle Ear 260 Development of the Middle Ear 265 Hearing Loss and the Middle Ear 266 Disorders of the Middle Ear and Their Treatments 266 Other Causes of Middle- Ear Hearing Loss 290 Summary 291 Frequently Asked Questions 292 Suggested Reading 293 Endnotes 293 11 The Inner Ear 294 Anatomy and Physiology of the Inner Ear 295 Development of the Inner Ear 306 Hearing Loss and Disorders of the Inner Ear 307 Causes of Inner-Ear Disorders 307 Summary 332 Frequently Asked Questions 333 Suggested Reading 335 Endnotes 335 12 The Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways 336 From Cochlea to Auditory Cortex and Back Again 337 Hearing Loss and the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways 340 Disorders of the Auditory Nerve 340 Disorders of the Cochlear Nuclei 348 Disorders of the Higher Auditory Pathways 350 Tests for Auditory Processing Disorders 352 Summary 361 Frequently Asked Questions 362 Suggested Reading 363 Endnotes 363 13 Nonorganic Hearing Loss 364 Terminology 365 Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss 367 Indications of Nonorganic Hearing Loss 368 Performance on Routine Hearing Tests 369 Tests for Nonorganic Hearing Loss 371 Tinnitus 377 Management of Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss 378 Summary 380 Frequently Asked Questions 381 Suggested Reading 382 Part IV: Management of Hearing Loss 383 14 Amplification/Sensory Systems 385 Hearing Aid Development 386 Hearing Aid Circuit Overview 387 Electroacoustic Characteristics of Hearing Aids 388 Bilateral/Binaural Amplification 392 Types of Hearing Aids 392 Selecting Hearing Aids for Adults 403 Selecting Hearing Aids for Children 407 Hearing Aid Acceptance and Orientation 408 Dispensing Hearing Aids 409 Hearing Assistance Technologies 410 Summary 417 Frequently Asked Questions 417 Suggested Reading 418 15 Audiological Treatment 419 Patient Histories 420 Referral to Other Specialists 423 Audiological Counseling 427 Management of Adult Hearing Impairment 434 Management of Childhood Hearing Impairment 439 The Deaf Community 444 Management of Auditory Processing Disorders 445 Management of Tinnitus 447 Hyperacusis 449 Vestibular Rehabilitation 450 Multicultural Considerations 452 Evidenced- Based Practice 453 Outcome Measures 454 Summary 457 Frequently Asked Questions 458 Suggested Reading 459 Endnote 459 Glossary 460 A 460 B 462 C 462 D 463 E 464 F 465 G 465 H 465 I 466 J 466 K 466 L 466 M 467 N 468 O 468 P 469 Q 470 R 470 S 470 T 472 U 473 V 473 W 473 X 473 References 474 Author Index 494 A 494 B 494 C 494 D 494 E 495 F 495 G 495 H 495 I 495 J 495 K 495 L 495 M 495 N 496 O 496 P 496 R 496 S 496 T 497 U 497 V 497 W 497 X 497 Y 497 Z 497 Subject Index 498 A 498 B 499 C 499 D 500 E 501 F 501 G 501 H 501 I 502 J 502 K 502 L 502 M 503 N 503 O 504 P 504 Q 505 R 505 S 505 T 506 U 507 V 507 W 507 X 507 Y 507 Z 507