Introduction to Engineering Materials

.1 Relationship between the mass defect and atomic mass number in comparison with the energy changes accompanying nuclear reactions, so small that any corresponding mass change is immeasurable. Isotopes and isotones Isotopes are atoms of the same element which possess different atomic mass numbers, that is there is a variation in the number of neutrons in the nuclei. Isotopes exist for the majority of chemical elements and the relative abundance of the various isotopes in any sample of an element is virtually constant, irrespective of the source. Some examples are given.Two isotopes of hydrogen occur naturally, normal hydrogen (Z = 1, M = I) and deuterium (Z = 1, M = 2) while a third isotope, tritium (Z = 1, M = 3), has been formed by the bombardment of lithium and boron by neutrons. The isotope tritium is radioactive. The proportion of deuterium in a sample of hydrogen is about 0.02%. Isotopes may be symbolised in one of two ways, as for example I~C, where the superscript denotes atomic mass number and the subscript denotes atomic number, or as carbon-12 (C-12).Any sample of oxygen contains three isotopes with mass numbers of 16, 17 and 18 while any sample of carbon has three isotopes with mass numbers of 12, 13 and 14, the last one, present in only very small quantities, being radioactive. It is the existence of the last radioactive isotope which permits use of the carbon dating technique for determining the age of ancient remains. Living matter absorbs carbon throughout its life and the proportion of C-14 atoms within the total carbon content is virtually constant. When the plant or animal dies no further carbon is absorbed and, as the C-14 atoms slowly decay radioactively, the proportion ofC-14 atoms and, hence the total radioactivity, in the substance diminishes.In addition to the isotopes of elements which occur naturally, other isotopes may be created by means of nuclear reactions (see Section 2.10) and these are almost invariably radioactive, disintegrating spontaneously with the emission of radiation.]sotones, or isobares, are nuclei of different elements which possess the same atomic mass Front Matter....Pages i-xvi Front Matter....Pages xvii-xvii The Materials of Engineering....Pages 1-7 Front Matter....Pages 9-9 Atomic Structure and Bonding....Pages 11-34 Influence of Bond Type on Structure and Properties....Pages 35-39 The Formation of Polymers....Pages 40-49 Crystalline Structures....Pages 50-72 Glasses and Partial Crystallinity....Pages 73-78 Elastic Behaviour....Pages 79-90 Dislocations and Plasticity in Metals....Pages 91-113 Viscoelastic Behaviour....Pages 114-120 Toughness and Fracture of Materials....Pages 121-133 Phase Diagrams and Alloy Formation....Pages 134-152 Phase Transformations and Diffusion....Pages 153-166 Electrical and Magnetic Properties....Pages 167-179 Optical, Thermal and Other Properties....Pages 180-192 Front Matter....Pages 193-193 Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys....Pages 195-220 Iron and Steel....Pages 221-248 Thermoplastics....Pages 249-269 Elastomers....Pages 270-275 Thermosetting Materials....Pages 276-282 Ceramics and Glasses....Pages 283-294 Front Matter....Pages 193-193 Composite Materials....Pages 295-302 Front Matter....Pages 303-303 Forming Processes for Metals....Pages 305-340 Forming Processes for Polymer Materials....Pages 341-353 Forming Processes for Ceramics and Glasses....Pages 354-359 Material Removal Processes....Pages 360-380 Joining Processes....Pages 381-406 Front Matter....Pages 407-407 Failure, Fatigue and Creep....Pages 409-418 Oxidation, Corrosion and Other Effects....Pages 419-433 Front Matter....Pages 435-435 Property Testing....Pages 437-465 Non-destructive Testing....Pages 466-485 Macro- and Micro-examination....Pages 486-491 Materials Selection....Pages 492-501 Back Matter....Pages 503-519 The first edition of this highly successful text aimed, 'to deal with the basic principles of materials science in a simply yet meaningful manner'. The second edition broadened the scope to incorporate the higher years of a degree course and included many more worked examples. This new third edition remains firmly targetted at the undergraduate market, and is comprised of five main sections: Materials Science, Engineering Materials, Forming Processes, Behaviour in Service and Property and Evaluation Tests, resulting in 32 chapters (as compared to 17 in the 2nd edition). The numbers of worked examples have been reduced, due to the publication of John's Work Out: Engineering Materials which is recommended to be used alongside the main text and is comprised mainly of worked examples and problems New edition of a text first published in 1972 and again in 1983 integrates discussion of design, material, and manufacture in its coverage of the seven properties of physical, mechanical, manufacturing, chemical, other non-mechanical (electrical, optical, and thermal), economic, and aesthetic. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or. The third edition of this text contains five main sections - materials science, engineering materials, forming and fabrication of materials, behaviour in service and evaluation of materials. There are new chapters on material removal processes and non-destructive testing. A text which deals with the basic principles of materials science and technology in a simple, yet thorough manner. This edition includes more worked examples and more detailed information on certain aspects of materials science. An ELBS/LPBB edition is available.