Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fifth Edition

A leading text for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, this book introduces widely used forms of remote sensing imagery and their applications in plant sciences, hydrology, earth sciences, and land use analysis. The text provides comprehensive coverage of principal topics and serves as a framework for organizing the vast amount of remote sensing information available on the Web. Including case studies and review questions, the book's four sections and 21 chapters are carefully designed as independent units that instructors can select from as needed for their courses. Illustrations include 29 color plates and over 400 black-and-white figures. New to This Edition\*Reflects significant technological and methodological advances.\*Chapter on aerial photography now emphasizes digital rather than analog systems.\*Updated discussions of accuracy assessment, multitemporal change detection, and digital preprocessing.\*Links to recommended online videos and tutorials. (20110124) Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 17 List of Tables......Page 21 List of Figures......Page 23 List of Plates......Page 33 PART ONE - Foundations......Page 35 1.1. Introduction......Page 37 1.2. Definitions......Page 38 1.3. Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing......Page 41 1.4. Overview of the Remote Sensing Process......Page 52 1.5. Key Concepts of Remote Sensing......Page 53 1.6. Career Preparation and Professional Development......Page 55 1.7. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 59 2.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 65 2.3. Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 68 2.4. Radiation Laws......Page 70 2.5. Interactions with the Atmosphere......Page 72 2.6. Interactions with Surfaces......Page 82 2.7. Summary: Three Models for Remote Sensing......Page 88 Review Questions......Page 90 References......Page 91 PART TWO - Image Acquisition......Page 93 3.1. Introduction......Page 95 3.2. Fundamentals of the Aerial Photograph......Page 96 3.3. Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph......Page 100 3.4. Digital Aerial Cameras......Page 106 3.5. Digital Scanning of Analog Images......Page 111 3.6. Comparative Characteristics of Digital and Analog Imagery......Page 112 3.7. Spectral Sensitivity......Page 113 3.8. Band Combinations: Optical Imagery......Page 114 3.9. Coverage by Multiple Photographs......Page 118 3.10. Photogrammetry......Page 124 3.11. Sources of Aerial Photography......Page 125 3.13. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 128 References......Page 129 YOUR OWN IN FRARED PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 131 YOUR OWN 3D PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 132 YOUR OWN KITE PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 133 4.2. Electronic Imagery......Page 135 4.3. Spectral Sensitivity......Page 140 4.4. Digital Data......Page 143 4.5. Data Formats......Page 145 4.6. Band Combinations: Multispectral Imagery......Page 149 4.7. Image Enhancement......Page 151 4.8. Image Display......Page 155 4.9. Image Processing Software......Page 159 Review Questions......Page 162 References......Page 163 5.1. Introduction......Page 164 5.2. The Context for Image Interpretation......Page 165 5.3. Image Interpretation Tasks......Page 166 5.4. Elements of Image Interpretation......Page 167 5.6. Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales......Page 172 5.8. Interpretive Overlays......Page 173 5.9. The Significance of Context......Page 174 5.10. Stereovision......Page 177 5.12. Digital Photointerpretation......Page 181 5.13. Image Scale Calculations......Page 182 5.14. Summary......Page 185 Review Questions......Page 186 References......Page 187 6.1. Satellite Remote Sensing......Page 192 6.2. Landsat Origins......Page 193 6.3. Satellite Orbits......Page 194 6.4. The Landsat System......Page 196 6.5. Multispectral Scanner Subsystem......Page 201 6.6. Landsat Thematic Mapper......Page 206 6.7. Administration of the Landsat Program......Page 210 6.8. Current Satellite Systems......Page 212 6.9. Data Archives and Image Research......Page 226 6.10. Summary......Page 228 Review Questions......Page 229 References......Page 230 CORONA......Page 232 7.2. Active Microwave......Page 238 7.3. Geometry of the Radar Image......Page 242 7.5. Penetration of the Radar Signal......Page 246 7.6. Polarization......Page 248 7.7. Look Direction and Look Angle......Page 249 7.8. Real Aperture Systems......Page 251 7.9. Synthetic Aperture Systems......Page 253 7.10. Interpreting Brightness Values......Page 255 7.11. Satellite Imaging Radars......Page 260 7.12. Radar Interferometry......Page 270 7.14. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 273 Review Questions......Page 274 References......Page 275 8.1. Introduction......Page 277 8.2. Profiling Lasers......Page 278 8.3. Imaging Lidars......Page 279 8.5. Types of Imaging Lidars......Page 281 8.6. Processing Lidar Image Data......Page 283 8.7. Summary......Page 287 Review Questions......Page 288 References......Page 289 9.1. Introduction......Page 291 9.2. Thermal Detectors......Page 292 9.3. Thermal Radiometry......Page 294 9.5. Thermal Scanners......Page 297 9.6. Thermal Properties of Objects......Page 299 9.7. Geometry of Thermal Images......Page 302 9.8. The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation......Page 303 9.9. Heat Capacity Mapping Mission......Page 311 9.10. Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper Thermal Data......Page 313 9.11. Summary......Page 314 9.12. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 315 Review Questions......Page 316 References......Page 317 10.1. Introduction and Definitions......Page 319 10.2. Target Variables......Page 320 10.4. Operating Conditions......Page 321 10.5. Measurement of Resolution......Page 322 10.6. Mixed Pixels......Page 324 10.7. Spatial and Radiometric Resolution: Simple Examples......Page 328 10.8. Interactions with the Landscape......Page 330 Review Questions......Page 332 References......Page 333 PART THREE - Analysis......Page 337 11.2. Radiometric Preprocessing......Page 339 11.3. Some More Advanced Atmospheric Correction Tools......Page 342 11.4. Calculating Radiances from DNs......Page 345 11.5. Estimation of Top of Atmosphere Reflectance......Page 346 11.6. Destriping and Related Issues......Page 347 11.7. Identification of Image Features......Page 350 11.8. Subsets......Page 354 11.9. Geometric Correction by Resampling......Page 355 11.10. Data Fusion......Page 360 11.11. Image Data Processing Standards......Page 363 Review Questions......Page 364 References......Page 365 12.1. Introduction......Page 369 12.2. Informational Classes and Spectral Classes......Page 371 12.3. Unsupervised Classification......Page 373 12.4. Supervised Classification......Page 383 12.5. Ancillary Data......Page 398 12.6. Fuzzy Clustering......Page 401 12.7. Artificial Neural Networks......Page 402 12.8. Contextual Classification......Page 404 12.9. Object-Oriented Classification......Page 405 12.12. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 407 Review Questions......Page 408 References......Page 409 13.2. Kinds of Field Data......Page 416 13.3. Nominal Data......Page 417 13.5. Biophysical Data......Page 418 13.6. Field Radiometry......Page 421 13.7. Unmanned Airborne Vehicles......Page 423 13.8. Locational Information......Page 426 13.11. Geographic Sampling......Page 431 Review Questions......Page 437 References......Page 438 14.1. Definition and Significance......Page 442 14.2. Sources of Classification Error......Page 444 14.3. Error Characteristics......Page 445 14.4. Measurement of Map Accuracy......Page 446 14.5. Interpretation of the Error Matrix......Page 452 14.6. Summary......Page 458 Review Questions......Page 459 References......Page 460 15.2. Spectroscopy......Page 463 15.4. The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer......Page 464 15.5. The Image Cube......Page 465 15.6. Spectral Libraries......Page 466 15.7. Spectral Matching......Page 467 15.8. Spectral Mixing Analysis......Page 468 15.10. Analyses......Page 471 15.11. Wavelet Analysis for Hyperspectral Imagery......Page 472 15.12. Summary......Page 473 Review Questions......Page 474 References......Page 475 16.1. Introduction......Page 479 16.2. Bitemporal Spectral Change Detection Techniques......Page 480 16.3. Multitemporal Spectral Change Detection......Page 486 Review Questions......Page 494 References......Page 495 PART FOUR - Applications......Page 497 17.1. Introduction......Page 499 17.2. Structure of the Leaf......Page 504 17.3. Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf......Page 506 17.4. Forestry......Page 510 17.5. Agriculture......Page 513 17.6. Vegetation Indices......Page 517 17.7. Applications of Vegetation Indices......Page 518 17.8. Phenology......Page 519 17.9. Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer......Page 521 17.10. Conservation Tillage......Page 523 17.11. Land Surface Phenology......Page 525 17.12. Separating Soil Reflectance from Vegetation Reflectance......Page 527 17.13. Tasseled Cap Transformation......Page 529 17.14. Foliar Chemistry......Page 532 17.15. Lidar Data for Forest Inventory and Structure......Page 534 17.16. Precision Agriculture......Page 535 17.17. Remote Sensing for Plant Pathology......Page 536 17.19. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 540 Review Questions......Page 541 References......Page 542 18.1. Introduction......Page 551 18.2. Photogeology......Page 552 18.3. Drainage Patterns......Page 555 18.4. Lineaments......Page 557 18.5. Geobotany......Page 561 18.6. Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals......Page 565 18.7. Photoclinometry......Page 567 18.8. Band Ratios......Page 568 18.9. Soil and Landscape Mapping......Page 571 18.10. Integrated Terrain Units......Page 574 18.12. Radar Imagery for Exploration......Page 576 Review Questions......Page 577 References......Page 578 19.1. Introduction......Page 583 19.2. Spectral Characteristics of Water Bodies......Page 584 19.3. Spectral Changes as Water Depth Increases......Page 587 19.4. Location and Extent of Water Bodies......Page 589 19.5. Roughness of the Water Surface......Page 591 19.6. Bathymetry......Page 592 19.7. Landsat Chromaticity Diagram......Page 598 19.8. Drainage Basin Hydrology......Page 601 19.9. Evapotranspiration......Page 604 19.10. Manual Interpretation......Page 605 19.11. Sea Surface Temperature......Page 609 19.12. Lidar Applications for Hydrospheric Studies......Page 610 19.13. Summary......Page 611 19.14. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 612 Review Questions......Page 613 References......Page 614 20.1. Introduction......Page 619 20.2. Aerial Imagery for Land Use Information......Page 620 20.3. Land Use Classification......Page 621 20.4. Visual Interpretation of Land Use and Land Cover......Page 622 20.5. Land Use Change by Visual Interpretation......Page 630 20.6. Historical Land Cover Interpretation for Environmental Analysis......Page 631 20.7. Other Land Use Classification Systems......Page 633 20.8. Land Cover Mapping by Image Classification......Page 635 20.9. Broad-Scale Land Cover Studies......Page 637 20.10. Sources of Compiled Land Use Data......Page 638 20.11. Summary......Page 640 Review Questions......Page 642 References......Page 643 21.2. Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 648 21.3. Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer......Page 655 21.4. Earth Observing System......Page 656 21.5. Earth Observing System Instruments......Page 657 21.6. Earth Observing System Bus......Page 661 21.7. Earth Observing System Data and Information System......Page 663 21.8. Long-Term Environmental Research Sites......Page 664 21.9. Earth Explorer......Page 665 21.10. Global Monitoring for Environment and Security......Page 666 21.11. Gridded Global Population Data......Page 667 21.13. Some Teaching and Learning Resources......Page 668 References......Page 669 Society and Institutions......Page 673 Technology and Analysis......Page 675 References......Page 676 Index......Page 677 About the Authors......Page 701

A leading text for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, this book introduces widely used forms of remote sensing imagery and their applications in plant sciences, hydrology, earth sciences, and land use analysis. The text provides comprehensive coverage of principal topics and serves as a framework for organizing the vast amount of remote sensing information available on the Web. Including case studies and review questions, the book's four sections and 21 chapters are carefully designed as independent units that instructors can select from as needed for their courses. Illustrations include 29 color plates and over 400 black-and-white figures.

New to This Edition *Reflects significant technological and methodological advances. *Chapter on aerial photography now emphasizes digital rather than analog systems. *Updated discussions of accuracy assessment, multitemporal change detection, and digital preprocessing. *Links to recommended online videos and tutorials.

 

"This book introduces widely used forms of remote sensing imagery and their applications in plant sciences, earth sciences, hydrology, and land use analysis. The text provides comprehensive coverage of principal topics and serves as a framework for organizing the vast amount of remote sensing information available on the Web. Including case studies and review questions, the book's four sections and 21 chapters are carefully designed as independent units that instructors can select from as needed for their courses."-- Book cover