IoT Based Smart Applications

This book provides insights into IoT, its applications, and various implementation techniques. The authors first discuss the IoT design methodology to define the domain model. They then cover various connection methodologies used in IoT such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, low powered wide area network (LPWAN), Bluetooth, RFID, cellular, and satellite, and more, along with their challenges. An example is made on the designing process using Arduino, which offers smart, connected, and secure elements; they also illustrate the integration of IoT with Blockchain, cloud, machine learning, big data, embedded software, sensors, etc. The book going on to cover the future of IoT in various sectors and how IoT will continue to be game-changing technology. Preface Contents Chapter 1: A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based Framework to Detect the Presence of Coronavirus 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin of 2019-nCoV 1.3 Current Situation of the Epidemic and Preventive Measures 1.4 IoT-Based Framework to Detect Coronavirus 1.5 Remote Screening Magnitude 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Key Characteristics of Blockchain 2.1.1.1 Decentralization 2.1.1.2 Immutability 2.1.1.3 Transparency 2.1.1.4 Traceability 2.1.2 Idea of Blockchain in IoT 2.1.3 Merits of Blockchain in IoT technology 2.1.3.1 Interoperability 2.1.3.2 Scalability 2.1.3.3 An Efficient Supply Chain 2.1.3.4 Better Security of IoT Systems 2.1.3.5 Cost Reduction 2.1.3.6 Tolerance of Fault 2.2 Motivation 2.2.1 The Blockchain-Related Pattern for Numerous IoT Fields 2.2.2 Examples of Blockchain Applications in IoT 2.2.2.1 The Energy Sector 2.2.2.2 Maintenance and Equipment Operations 2.2.2.3 Smart Contract 2.2.2.4 Decentralization and Expandability 2.2.2.5 Industrial IoT 2.3 Research Gaps 2.4 Objectives 2.5 Architecture 2.6 Challenges and Issues of Blockchain in IoT 2.6.1 Challenges in IoT 2.6.1.1 Authentication 2.6.1.2 Authorization 2.6.1.3 Availability 2.6.1.4 Confidentiality 2.6.1.5 Integrity 2.6.1.6 Privacy 2.6.1.7 Trust 2.6.2 Challenges of Blockchain 2.6.2.1 Privacy 2.6.2.2 Energy Efficiency 2.6.2.3 Security 2.6.2.4 Throughput and Latency 2.6.2.5 Block Size 2.6.2.6 Bandwidth 2.6.2.7 Multichain Management 2.6.2.8 Autonomy and Enforcement 2.6.3 Challenges of Blockchain in IoT 2.6.3.1 Processing Time and Power 2.6.3.2 Scalability 2.6.3.3 Storage 2.6.3.4 Lack of Skills 2.6.3.5 Legal and Compliance Issues 2.7 Current Role of Blockchain and IoT in Transforming Health Care and Finance 2.8 Conclusion 2.9 Future Directions 2.9.1 Smart Devices Becoming Smarter 2.9.2 Voting Transparency 2.9.3 Edge Computing 2.9.4 The Data Will Be Exchanged for Digital Currency 2.9.5 The Technical Challenges of Decentralization 2.9.6 Peer-to-Peer-Based Data Transactions 2.9.7 Security 2.9.8 Blockchain in IoT Intrusion Detection 2.9.9 Blockchain in IoT and Real-Time Video Delivery References Chapter 3: Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, Challenges, and Future Aspects 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Evolution of IoT in the Field of Medical Science 3.2.1 History of IoT in the Field of Medical Science 3.2.2 Predominant Techniques 3.2.2.1 Data Mining 3.2.2.2 Artificial Intelligence 3.2.2.3 Sensors and Monitoring Devices 3.2.3 Trends of Today 3.3 Real-Time Applications of IoT in Health Care 3.3.1 Sensors and Monitoring Devices 3.3.1.1 Remote Patient Monitoring 3.3.1.2 Wearable Devices and Sensors 3.3.1.3 Ambient-Assisted Living (AAL) 3.3.2 Disease Diagnosis and Mobile Health Care 3.3.3 Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Surgery and Treatment 3.3.4 Fitness and Nutrition 3.3.5 IoT in Pharmaceuticals 3.4 Problems and Challenges 3.4.1 Big Data and Handling 3.4.2 Security 3.4.3 Privacy 3.5 Recent Innovations and Patents 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Concepts 4.1.2 Motivation 4.2 IoT: Application Areas 4.3 IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities 4.3.1 IoT in Smart Cities 4.3.2 IoT in Smart Homes 4.4 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities and Smart Home 4.5 IoT Architecture 4.6 Practical Experiences Over the World 4.7 IoT Challenges 4.8 Conclusion and Future Trends References Chapter 5: Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 An Overview of Technology Architecture 5.1.1.1 Sensors and Sensor Technology 5.1.1.2 IoT Gateways 5.1.1.3 Cloud/Server Infrastructure and Big Data 5.1.1.4 End-User Mobile Apps 5.1.1.5 IPv6 5.2 Proposed Methodology 5.3 Architecture 5.3.1 Flex Module 5.3.2 RF Transmitter and Receiver 5.3.2.1 Pin Diagram 5.3.2.2 Pin Description of RF Transmitter 5.3.2.3 Pin Description of RF Receiver 5.3.3 Bluetooth Module 5.3.4 Flex Sensor 5.3.5 Relay 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.4.1 Local Application 5.4.2 Server Application 5.4.3 Working Module 5.4.4 Flex Module 5.4.5 Main Module 5.5 Conclusion 5.6 Future Work References Chapter 6: IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Characteristics of IoT 6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT 6.1.3 Application Areas of IoT 6.1.4 IoT Open-Source Platforms 6.2 Role of Traffic Management in IoT 6.2.1 Traffic Management 6.2.1.1 Intelligent Traffic Lights 6.2.1.2 Telematics 6.2.1.3 Autonomous Cars 6.2.1.4 Improved Emergency Services 6.2.2 Advantages 6.2.2.1 Communication 6.2.2.2 Automation and Control 6.2.2.3 Information 6.2.2.4 Monitoring 6.2.2.5 Efficient and Saves Time 6.2.2.6 Better Quality of Life 6.2.3 Disadvantages 6.2.3.1 Compatibility 6.2.3.2 Safety and Privacy 6.2.3.3 Less Manpower Employment 6.3 Smart Traffic Management-Based IoT 6.3.1 Working of Smart Traffic Management System 6.3.1.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Traffic Signal Monitoring System 6.3.2 IoT Applications in Smart Cities 6.3.2.1 Smart Parking 6.3.2.2 Public Trаnsроrt 6.3.2.3 Street Lightning 6.3.2.4 Wаste Management 6.3.2.5 Environmental Issue Arrangement 6.3.2.6 Air Quality Estimation 6.3.3 Practical Experience Around the World 6.3.3.1 Amsterdam, the Netherlands 6.3.3.2 Chicago and New York, USA 6.3.3.3 Busan, South Korea 6.3.3.4 Nice, France 6.3.3.5 Pаdоvа, Itаly 6.3.4 Challenges 6.3.4.1 Traffic Lights 6.3.4.2 Smart Parking 6.3.4.3 Smart Assistance 6.4 Research Challenges 6.4.1 Privacy and Security 6.4.2 Processing, Analysis, and Management of Data 6.4.3 Monitoring and Sensing 6.4.4 M2M (Machine-to-Machine) Communication and Communication Protocols 6.4.5 Interoperability 6.5 Related Work 6.6 Limitations 6.7 Summary References Chapter 7: A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Comparison of Survey Papers 7.1.2 Motivation 7.1.3 Contribution 7.2 Architecture of IoT 7.3 Scheduling of IoT 7.4 Computing Methods 7.5 Processor 7.6 IoT Platforms 7.7 Issues and Future Directions 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 8.1 Introduction 8.2 IoT Architecture 8.2.1 Security Challenges in an IoT Environment 8.2.1.1 Checking and Upgrading Are Inadequate 8.2.1.2 The Use of Brute-Force Attack and Preset Credentials 8.2.1.3 Malware for IoT Devices and Extortion 8.2.1.4 Cryptocurrency-Focused IoT Botnets 8.2.1.5 Considerations About Integrity and Confidentiality 8.2.1.6 Small-Scale IoT Assaults That Go Undetected 8.2.1.7 Intelligence and Robotics 8.2.1.8 Attack of the Home 8.2.1.9 Automobile Approach from the Distance 8.2.1.10 Information That Is Not Credible 8.3 Big Data 8.4 Processing of Data in an IoT Environment 8.5 Integration of Big Data Into an IoT Environment 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges and Opportunities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Concept of IoT 9.3 Requirement of IoT in Smart Farming 9.4 IoT Structure for Farming 9.5 Sensors and Devices Used in Smart Farming 9.5.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 9.5.1.1 Soil Water Monitoring 9.5.1.2 Characteristics 9.5.1.3 Significance 9.5.1.4 Functioning 9.5.2 Rain Sensor 9.6 Software Used in Smart Farming 9.6.1 SQL Server 9.6.2 About SQL 9.6.3 Significance of SQL 9.6.4 SQL Methodology 9.6.5 SQL Commands 9.7 IoT Applications in Smart Farming 9.8 Challenges in Smart Farming 9.9 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Fog Computing 10.1.2 Linked Vehicles 10.2 Architecture of IoT 10.2.1 Application Layer 10.2.2 Network Layer 10.2.3 Perception Layer 10.2.4 Processing Layer 10.2.5 Business Layer 10.3 Some Important Applications of IoT 10.4 Challenges Still Faced by Internet of Things 10.5 Advantages of IoT 10.6 Disadvantages of IoT 10.7 H-IoT 10.8 Industrial 4.0 with IoT 10.9 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Wearable Technology 11.2.1 Smartwatch 11.2.2 Google Glasses 11.2.3 Fitbit 11.3 Classification of IOT Portables 11.3.1 Health 11.3.2 Activity Sports 11.3.3 Following and Localization 11.3.4 Safety 11.4 Future of IoT in Wearables 11.4.1 Laborer Well-Being 11.4.2 Planning and Training 11.4.3 Medical Care 11.4.4 Analytics 11.5 Challenges of IoT in Wearables 11.5.1 Information Goal of Sensors 11.5.2 Power Usage 11.5.3 Wearability 11.5.4 Well-Being 11.5.5 Security 11.5.6 Guideline 11.5.7 Privacy 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Literature Review 12.3 Working Principle of IoT-Based Smart Homes and Smart Cities 12.3.1 Smart Homes 12.3.1.1 Level 1: Data Gathering 12.3.1.2 Level 2: Executing the Data 12.3.1.3 Level 3: Data Integration and Consultation 12.3.1.4 Level 4: Device Control and Warning Communication Services Customized Services 12.3.2 Smart Cities 12.4 IoT Challenges to Achieve Smart Cities and Smart Homes 12.4.1 Smart Cities 12.4.2 Smart Homes 12.5 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes and Smart Cities 12.5.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes 12.5.2 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes 12.6 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security Enhancement 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 IoT 13.1.1.1 Features of Internet of Things 13.1.1.2 Advantages of the Internet of Things (IoT) 13.1.1.3 Disadvantages of the IoT 13.1.2 IoT Hardware and Software 13.1.2.1 Wearable Gadgets 13.1.2.2 Common Devices 13.1.2.3 IoT and Software 13.1.3 Compilation of Information 13.1.3.1 Integration with Other Devices 13.1.3.2 Analytics in Real Time 13.1.3.3 Adaptation and Enhancement 13.1.4 Technologies Used in IoT 13.1.4.1 RFID and NFC 13.1.4.2 BLE Device 13.1.4.3 A Wireless Low-Energy System 13.1.4.4 Protocols for the Transmission of Radiowaves 13.1.4.5 LTE-A 13.1.4.6 Wi-Fi-Direct 13.1.5 Smart Applications of IoT 13.1.5.1 Infrastructural, Industrial, and Engineering 13.1.5.2 Safety and Government 13.1.5.3 Official and Domestic 13.1.5.4 Medicine and Health 13.1.5.5 Content Marketing and Distribution 13.1.5.6 Enhanced Marketing 13.1.6 Threat to IoT System 13.1.6.1 Fault in the Equipment 13.1.6.2 Attacks Against Computer Systems 13.1.6.3 Theft of Personal Information 13.2 Literature Review 13.3 Statement of Problem 13.4 Proposed Work 13.4.1 Process Flow of Proposed Work 13.5 Results and Discussion 13.5.1 Simulation of the Size of Image Frames 13.5.2 Simulation of Space Consumption During IoT Operations 13.6 Conclusion 13.7 Future Scope References Chapter 14: Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Survey 14.2.1 Augmented Reality for Preprimary Education 14.2.2 Augmented Reality for Middle-Level Education 14.2.3 Augmented Reality for Higher-Level Education 14.2.4 Technologies Used in Augmented Reality and IoT 14.2.5 Head-Mounted Displays 14.3 Research Methodology 14.4 Importance of AR in the Education Sector 14.4.1 Advantages of Augmented Reality in the Field of Education 14.4.2 Use of Augmented Reality in Different Fields of Education 14.5 Challenges of AR in Education Among Users 14.6 Importance of IoT in the Education Sector 14.6.1 Advantages of IoT in the Field of Education 14.6.2 Use of IoT in Different Fields of Education 14.7 Challenges of IoT in Education Among Users 14.8 Analysis of AR in the Education Sector 14.9 Analysis of IoT in the Education Sector 14.10 Conclusion 14.11 Future Scope References Chapter 15: Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Related Works 15.3 Proposed Work 15.3.1 Methodology 15.3.2 Architecture Overview 15.3.2.1 Working of Each Module 15.3.3 Software Specifications 15.3.3.1 Configuration of NOOBS 15.3.3.2 Workflow of Virtual Network Computing Viewer 15.4 Results and Discussion 15.4.1 Home Automation 15.4.2 Summary of Output 15.4.3 PI Camera 15.4.4 Raspbian Magic Mirror Features 15.5 Conclusion 15.6 Future Scope References Chapter 16: Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Need of IoT in Agriculture 16.1.2 Working of IoT 16.1.3 Applications of IoT in Agriculture Forms 16.1.4 Sensors 16.2 Related Work 16.3 Machine Learning for Precision Agriculture: Concepts and Uses 16.4 A Generalized Model for Solving Any Kind of Agricultural Problem by Using IoT 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Application of AI in Smart Cities 17.1.1.1 Decentralization 17.1.1.2 Immutability 17.1.1.3 Transparency 17.1.1.4 Traceability 17.1.2 Contribution to Smart Cities 17.2 Smart City Architecture 17.2.1 Architecture Layers 17.2.2 Architecture with Service Orientation 17.2.3 Architecture for Events 17.2.4 IoT Architecture 17.3 Applications 17.3.1 Food Management 17.3.2 Energy Management 17.3.3 Transport Management 17.4 Smart City Challenges 17.5 Solutions 17.6 Scope 17.7 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using YOLOv5 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Literature Review 18.3 Proposed Methodology 18.3.1 Image Selection and Labelling 18.3.2 Pre-processing 18.3.3 Method 1 (Detection of Multiclass with YOLOv5) 18.3.4 Method 2 (Detection of Multiclass with YOLOv5+NDVI Mask) 18.3.5 Dataset 18.4 Simulation Results 18.5 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture, Challenges, and Applications 19.1 Scope and Motivational Points 19.2 Issues and Challenges 19.3 Problems and Functionalities 19.4 Principles of Cognitive Computing at the Edge or Edge Intelligence 19.5 Related Works 19.6 Basics and Fundamental Concepts 19.7 Models and Methodologies Used 19.8 Existing Implementations 19.9 Conclusion References Chapter 20: IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Literature Review 20.3 Material and Method 20.4 Proposed Model 20.4.1 Block Diagram 20.4.2 Arduino Board 20.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display 20.4.4 Moisture Sensor 20.4.5 Relay 20.5 Simulation Results 20.6 Conclusion and Future Scope References Chapter 21: Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Review of Literature 21.3 Research Methodology 21.4 Results and Findings 21.4.1 Demographic Analysis of Respondents 21.4.2 Reliability Analysis 21.4.3 Factor Analysis 21.5 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 22.1 Overview 22.2 Internet of Things for COVID-19 Epidemic 22.3 Necessity for the Education of Internet of Things 22.4 Key Merits of Internet of Things for COVID-19 Pandemic 22.5 Processes Involved in IoT for COVID-19 22.5.1 The General Effect of IoT in Setting to COVID-19 Concerns (E.g., Contact Following, Group Distinguishing Proof, and Consistence of Isolate) 22.6 Worldwide Mechanical Progressions to Determine COVID-19 Cases Quickly 22.7 Huge Uses of Internet of Things for COVID-19 Pandemic 22.7.1 Savvy Household Devices 22.7.2 Canny Household 22.7.3 Savvy Office 22.8 Brilliant Workstation Devices 22.9 Pathway to Trace Isolator 22.10 Pre-screening or Analysis 22.10.1 Dusting and Sanitizing 22.10.2 Imaginative Usages of Drones 22.10.3 Keen Hotel 22.10.4 Diminishing In-Household Contaminations 22.10.5 Versatile Tracking Applications to Prevent COVID-19 22.11 Simulated Intelligence with IOT Initiatives Is Already Emerging 22.12 Utilizing AI with Internet of Things to Help Identify, Analyze, and Forestall the Spread of the Coronavirus 22.13 How Artificial Intelligence with IoT Can Help the Reaction to the Emergency and the Recuperation to Follow 22.14 Key Proposals with Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence 22.14.1 Cloud System 22.14.2 Different Issues and Future Extent of the Examination 22.15 Conclusion References Index