Juvenile delinquency

Juvenile Delinquency is a timely and comprehensive introduction to crime, justice, and young people, with an emphasis on theory and practice. The third edition retains the overall structure of the second edition and features updates throughout, including new information on gangs and prevention, the impact of race and gender on crime and justice, additional comparative and international examples, and more. The book opens with an overview of delinquency; historical and contemporary discussions of juvenile justice; theories of delinquency; institutional contexts of delinquency, such as school and the family; and chapters on topics such as drug use, youth gangs, female delinquency, police, courts, and corrections. Many chapters discuss treatment programs as well as delinquency and illustrate theory put into practice. Most issues are examined through the lenses of race, class, and gender. Juvenile Delinquency covers the essentials of the topic with a price point far below most competitors. To enhance student learning, a complimentary instructor's manual and test bank are available. Please see the "Features" page for additional information. Preface to the Third Edition......Page 12 About the Author......Page 16 1 Introduction......Page 17 Definition of Juvenile Delinquency......Page 19 Brief History of Delinquency......Page 21 Juvenile Delinquency Law in Illinois......Page 22 Study Questions......Page 23 2 The History of Juvenile Justice in America......Page 24 Nineteenth-Century Reform Efforts and Practices......Page 26 Long-Term Juvenile Institutions......Page 28 Late Nineteenth-Century Developments......Page 30 The First Delinquency Law and the Establishment of the Juvenile Court......Page 32 Early Twentieth-Century Developments......Page 34 Study Questions......Page 35 3 The Measurement of Delinquency......Page 37 Arrest Data......Page 39 Race......Page 40 Age......Page 41 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)......Page 43 Juvenile Court Data......Page 44 Conclusions of Self-Report Studies......Page 46 Cohort Studies......Page 50 Victimization Studies......Page 52 A Note on Hate Crimes......Page 54 Other Methods......Page 55 Study Questions......Page 56 4 The Classical School, Rational Choice, and Individualistic Explanations of Delinquency......Page 57 The Classical School......Page 58 Rational Choice Theory and Delinquency......Page 60 Lombroso and the Positive School......Page 61 Inheritance and Delinquency......Page 62 Somatotypes and Delinquency......Page 63 Somatotype Studies Continued......Page 64 Learning Disabilities......Page 65 Conditionability (ANS) and Delinquency......Page 66 The Psychoanalytic View......Page 68 Personality Factors......Page 69 The Psychopathic Personality......Page 70 Summary......Page 73 Study Questions......Page 74 5 Social Development and Delinquency......Page 75 Kohlberg’s Moral Development Model......Page 76 Social Development Model......Page 77 Moffitt’s Research......Page 78 A General Theory of Crime: Another View of Persistent Criminality......Page 79 Sampson and Laub and Turning Points in Criminal Careers......Page 80 Study Questions......Page 84 6 Social Process Theories......Page 85 Differential Association Theory......Page 87 Discussion of the Theory......Page 88 A Note on Exposure to Media Violence and Delinquency......Page 89 Drift Theory......Page 92 Internal Controls......Page 94 Social Control Theory: The Social Bond......Page 96 Religion and Delinquency......Page 97 A Note on General Strain Theory......Page 99 Study Questions......Page 100 7 The Family and Delinquency......Page 101 “Broken Homes” and Delinquency......Page 103 Family Relationships and Delinquency......Page 105 The “Inheritance” of Delinquency......Page 107 Corporal Punishment and Delinquency......Page 109 Child Abuse and Delinquency......Page 110 Study Questions......Page 113 8 Schools and Delinquency......Page 115 The School as a Source of Motivation for Delinquency......Page 116 School Dropout and Delinquency......Page 120 School Safety......Page 122 Effects of School Shootings and Violence and Prevention Efforts......Page 126 Delinquency Prevention through Early Childhood Education......Page 129 Legal Rights of Students at School......Page 131 Study Questions......Page 133 9 Drug Use among Youth......Page 134 Extent and Patterns of Juvenile Drug Use......Page 135 Social......Page 137 Social-Psychological Factors......Page 139 Personality Factors......Page 140 Drug Use and Delinquency......Page 142 Drug Courts......Page 143 D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)......Page 146 Study Questions......Page 148 10 Juvenile Gangs......Page 149 Thrasher’s Study of Gangs in Chicago......Page 151 Yablonsky’s Study of Violent Gangs in New York City......Page 152 Klein’s National Survey of Gangs in the 1990s......Page 154 Summary of Gang Studies......Page 156 MS-13: A “New” Gang Problem?......Page 158 Graffiti and Hand Gestures......Page 160 Another Look at Female Gangs......Page 162 Structural Factors......Page 164 Psychological and Personal Reasons for Joining a Gang......Page 168 Why Do Gang Members Leave the Gang?......Page 170 Gang Suppression......Page 172 Community-Based Prevention Programs......Page 173 School-Based Gang Prevention......Page 174 Comprehensive Gang-Prevention Efforts......Page 175 Study Questions......Page 177 11 Female Delinquency......Page 178 Who Are Female Delinquents?......Page 179 Girls and Status Offenses......Page 180 Biological Explanations......Page 182 Social Role Theory......Page 183 Liberation Theory......Page 184 Power Control Theory......Page 185 Feminist Perspectives......Page 187 Additional Considerations......Page 188 Study Questions......Page 190 12 Labeling and Conflict Theories......Page 191 Discussion of the Theory......Page 192 Labeling and Self-Concept......Page 193 Labeling and Behavior......Page 194 Connections with Juvenile Justice......Page 196 Conflict Theories......Page 197 Study Questions......Page 199 13 The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System......Page 200 An Overview of the Modern Juvenile Justice System......Page 201 The Processing of Cases through the System......Page 204 Transferring Cases from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Adult Court Jurisdiction......Page 206 Legal Guidelines for Waiver Decisions......Page 208 Confinement Consequences of Transfers......Page 209 Blended Sentences......Page 211 Restorative Justice......Page 212 Summary......Page 213 Study Questions......Page 214 14 Police and Courts......Page 215 Processing Cases......Page 216 The Court System......Page 218 The Police......Page 220 Racial and Ethnic Profiling......Page 221 Situational or Interpersonal Factors......Page 223 The Courts......Page 224 Other Considerations......Page 225 Summary......Page 226 Supreme Court Cases Affecting the Rights of Juveniles Processed by the Police and Courts......Page 228 Diversion......Page 231 Youth Courts......Page 232 Study Questions......Page 234 15 Juvenile Institutions and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency......Page 236 Detention Centers or Homes......Page 237 Correctional Facilities......Page 238 Structural Organization......Page 241 Effectiveness of Correctional Institutions......Page 242 Treatment Programs within Institutions......Page 246 Delinquency-Prevention Programs......Page 250 A Note on Treatment and Prevention-Program Evaluation......Page 256 Study Questions......Page 260 References......Page 262 Index......Page 287 Preface to the Third Edition 12 About the Author 16 1 Introduction 17 Definition of Juvenile Delinquency 19 Brief History of Delinquency 21 Juvenile Delinquency Law in Illinois 22 Plan of This Book 23 Study Questions 23 2 The History of Juvenile Justice in America 24 Nineteenth-Century Reform Efforts and Practices 26 Long-Term Juvenile Institutions 28 Late Nineteenth-Century Developments 30 The First Delinquency Law and the Establishment of the Juvenile Court 32 Early Twentieth-Century Developments 34 Summary 35 Study Questions 35 3 The Measurement of Delinquency 37 Arrest Data 39 Arrest Patterns 40 Gender 40 Race 40 Age 41 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 43 Juvenile Court Data 44 Self-Report Data 46 Reliability and Validity Issues or Concerns 46 Conclusions of Self-Report Studies 46 Cohort Studies 50 Victimization Studies 52 A Note on Hate Crimes 54 Other Methods 55 Summary 56 Study Questions 56 4 The Classical School, Rational Choice, and Individualistic Explanations of Delinquency 57 The Classical School 58 Rational Choice Theory and Delinquency 60 Lombroso and the Positive School 61 Early Biological Explanations of Delinquency 62 Inheritance and Delinquency 62 Somatotypes and Delinquency 63 Contemporary Biological Explanations of Delinquency 64 Inheritance and Delinquency: Newer Studies 64 Somatotype Studies Continued 64 Learning Disabilities 65 Conditionability (ANS) and Delinquency 66 Psychological Explanations of Delinquency 68 The Psychoanalytic View 68 Intelligence and Delinquency 69 Personality Factors 69 The Psychopathic Personality 70 Summary 73 Study Questions 74 5 Social Development and Delinquency 75 Kohlberg’s Moral Development Model 76 Social Development Model 77 Pathways to Delinquency 78 Moffitt’s Research 78 A General Theory of Crime: Another View of Persistent Criminality 79 Sampson and Laub and Turning Points in Criminal Careers 80 Summary 84 Study Questions 84 6 Social Process Theories 85 Differential Association Theory 87 Discussion of the Theory 88 A Note on Exposure to Media Violence and Delinquency 89 Drift Theory 92 Control Theories 94 Internal Controls 94 Social Control Theory: The Social Bond 96 Institutional Connections and Delinquency 97 Religion and Delinquency 97 A Note on General Strain Theory 99 Summary 100 Study Questions 100 7 The Family and Delinquency 101 “Broken Homes” and Delinquency 103 Family Relationships and Delinquency 105 The “Inheritance” of Delinquency 107 Corporal Punishment and Delinquency 109 Child Abuse and Delinquency 110 Summary 113 Study Questions 113 8 Schools and Delinquency 115 The School as a Source of Motivation for Delinquency 116 School Dropout and Delinquency 120 School Safety 122 Effects of School Shootings and Violence and Prevention Efforts 126 Delinquency Prevention through Early Childhood Education 129 Legal Rights of Students at School 131 Summary 133 Study Questions 133 9 Drug Use among Youth 134 Extent and Patterns of Juvenile Drug Use 135 Correlates of Drug Use 137 Geographical 137 Social 137 Explanations of Juvenile Drug Use 139 Macro Explanations 139 Social-Psychological Factors 139 Personality Factors 140 Drug Use and Delinquency 142 Treatment and Prevention of Drug Use among Juveniles 143 Drug Courts 143 Preventing Drug Use among Youth 146 D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) 146 Summary 148 Study Questions 148 10 Juvenile Gangs 149 Studies of Youth Gangs 151 Thrasher’s Study of Gangs in Chicago 151 Whyte’s Study of Gangs in Boston 152 Yablonsky’s Study of Violent Gangs in New York City 152 Surveys of Gangs: The 1970s to the Present 154 Miller’s National Survey of Gangs in the 1970s 154 Klein’s National Survey of Gangs in the 1990s 154 National Youth Gang Surveys 156 Summary of Gang Studies 156 MS-13: A “New” Gang Problem? 158 Gang Identification 160 Representing 160 Graffiti and Hand Gestures 160 Another Look at Female Gangs 162 Why Do Youths Join Gangs? 164 Structural Factors 164 Psychological and Personal Reasons for Joining a Gang 168 Why Do Gang Members Leave the Gang? 170 Attempts to Prevent or Control Gangs 172 Gang Suppression 172 Community-Based Prevention Programs 173 School-Based Gang Prevention 174 Comprehensive Gang-Prevention Efforts 175 Summary 177 Study Questions 177 11 Female Delinquency 178 Who Are Female Delinquents? 179 Girls and Status Offenses 180 Girls, Delinquency, and Theory 182 Biological Explanations 182 Social Role Theory 183 Liberation Theory 184 Power Control Theory 185 Feminist Perspectives 187 Additional Considerations 188 Summary 190 Study Questions 190 12 Labeling and Conflict Theories 191 Key Concepts of Labeling Theory 192 Discussion of the Theory 192 Labeling and Self-Concept 193 Labeling and Behavior 194 Connections with Juvenile Justice 196 Conflict Theories 197 Summary 199 Study Questions 199 13 The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System 200 An Overview of the Modern Juvenile Justice System 201 The Processing of Cases through the System 204 Transferring Cases from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Adult Court Jurisdiction 206 Legal Guidelines for Waiver Decisions 208 Confinement Consequences of Transfers 209 Blended Sentences 211 Other Considerations 212 Diversion 212 Restorative Justice 212 Summary 213 Study Questions 214 14 Police and Courts 215 The Police 216 The Role of the Police in Juvenile Justice 216 Processing Cases 216 The Court System 218 Decision-Making Factors 220 The Police 220 Racial and Ethnic Profiling 221 Situational or Interpersonal Factors 223 Organizational Factors 224 The Courts 224 Other Considerations 225 Summary 226 Supreme Court Cases Affecting the Rights of Juveniles Processed by the Police and Courts 228 Diversion 231 Youth Courts 232 Summary 234 Study Questions 234 15 Juvenile Institutions and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency 236 Juvenile Correctional Institutions 237 Detention Centers or Homes 237 Correctional Facilities 238 Characteristics of Long-Term Institutions 241 Structural Organization 241 Effectiveness of Correctional Institutions 242 Treatment and Prevention Programs 246 Treatment Programs within Institutions 246 Delinquency-Prevention Programs 250 A Note on Treatment and Prevention-Program Evaluation 256 Summary 260 Study Questions 260 References 262 Index 287 Juvenile Delinquency offers a timely and comprehensive look at the issues of criminal behavior and justice related to young persons. In this highly accessible text, Donald J. Shoemaker grounds his readers with a historical perspective and the sociological parameters of delinquency, then presents a series of sharply focused chapters on schooling, religion, and family, as well as sections on drug use, gangs, and female delinquency. This new edition provides the reader with revised examples and updated statistics on crime and youth, enhanced coverage of female delinquency and gangs, as well as, revised material on treatment and intervention programs. It also features summaries and study questions at the end of each chapter. With a strong emphasis on the importance of theory and practice, Juvenile Delinquency is a must-read for understanding crime and youth culture. With an emphasis on the importance of theory and practice, Juvenile Delinquency is a timely and comprehensive introduction to crime, justice, and young people. Updated throughout, the third edition features new information about gangs and prevention, the impact of race and gender on crime and justice, and more comparative/international examples.