Laser-Tissue Interactions : Fundamentals and Applications

This book has become the standard textbook and reference guide to an important and rapidly growing field. It provides a thorough description of the fundamentals and applications of modern laser medicine, discussing in detail the “basics” such as optical and thermal properties of tissue, various types of hard and soft tissue ablation, optical breakdown and its related effects. This book pays special attention to mathematical tools (Monte Carlo simulations, Kubelka–Munk theory) and tried-and-trusted techniques (photobiomodulation, photodynamic therapy, laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy, and more). In turn, the application section reviews clinically relevant methods in modern laser treatment, while the last chapter covers today’s standards for laser safety, with a careful selection of essential guidelines published by the Laser Institute of America. Each chapter closes with a set of problems and solutions, allowing readers to test their acquired knowledge. This fourth edition has undergone major revisions and updating to reflect the latest developments and references. Major improvements include the addition of 60 color illustrations, a review of the various LASIK techniques in ophthalmology, and a discussion of laser applications in endodontics and implantology. The chapters addressing lasers in ophthalmology, dentistry, urology and dermatology/cosmetics have all been extensively revised and updated. Its wealth of research photographs, illustrations, tables and comprehensive summaries make this book an essential guide for graduate students, scientists and medical practitioners alike. Foreword to the First Edition 5 Preface 7 Preface to the Third Edition 9 Preface to the Second Edition 10 Preface to the First Edition 11 Table of Contents 13 1. Introduction 15 1.1 Historic Review 15 1.2 Goal of the Book 20 1.3 Outlook 21 2. Matter Acting on Light 23 2.1 Reflection and Refraction 24 2.2 Absorption 29 2.3 Scattering 33 2.4 Turbid Media 39 2.5 Photon Transport Theory 41 2.6 Measurement of Optical Tissue Properties 51 2.7 Questions to Chapter 2 57 3. Light Acting on Matter 59 3.1 Photochemical Interaction 61 3.1.1 Photoactivated Disinfection (PAD) 61 3.1.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 63 3.1.3 Photobiomodulation (PBM) 70 3.1.4 Summary of Photochemical Interaction 74 3.2 Photothermal Interaction 74 3.2.1 Heat Generation 84 3.2.2 Heat Transport 84 3.2.3 Heat Effects 93 3.2.4 Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy (LITT) 97 3.2.5 Summary of Photothermal Interaction 103 3.3 Photoablation 104 3.3.1 Model of Photoablation 112 3.3.2 Cytotoxicity of UV Radiation 116 3.3.3 Summary of Photoablation 118 3.4 Plasma-Induced Ablation 119 3.4.1 Model of Plasma-Induced Ablation 124 3.4.2 Analysis of Plasma Parameters 137 3.4.3 Summary of Plasma-Induced Ablation 141 3.5 Photodisruption 142 3.5.1 Plasma Formation 147 3.5.2 Shock Wave Generation 151 3.5.3 Cavitation 159 3.5.4 Jet Formation 163 3.5.5 Summary of Photodisruption 165 3.6 Questions to Chapter 3 165 4. Medical Applications of Lasers 167 4.1 Lasers in Ophthalmology 168 4.2 Lasers in Dentistry 195 4.3 Lasers in Gynecology 218 4.4 Lasers in Urology 224 4.5 Lasers in Neurosurgery 230 4.6 Lasers in Angioplasty and Cardiology 238 4.7 Lasers in Orthopedics 244 4.8 Lasers in Dermatology and Cosmetics 249 4.9 Lasers in Gastroenterology 254 4.10 Lasers in Otorhinolaryngology and Pulmology 258 4.11 Questions to Chapter 4 263 5. Laser Safety 264 5.1 Introduction 264 5.2 Laser Hazards 264 5.3 Eye Hazards 265 5.4 Skin Hazards 266 5.5 Associated Hazards from High Power Lasers 268 5.6 Laser Safety Standards and Hazard Classification 268 5.7 Viewing Laser Radiation 273 5.8 Eye Protection 275 5.9 Laser Beam Calculations 277 5.10 Questions to Chapter 5 278 A. Appendix 279 A.1 Medical Neodymium Laser System 279 A.2 Physical Constants and Parameters 283 B. Solutions 286 References 288 Index 315 About the Author 322 Laser-Tissue Interactions by Prof. Dr. Markolf H. Niemz (Heidelberg University) has become the standard reference book in this fast growing field. It addresses basic concepts such as optical and thermal tissue properties, hard and soft tissue ablation, and photobiomodulation. Clinical applications are reviewed according to the latest references. The last chapter covers today's standards of laser safety with a careful selection of essential guidelines published by the Laser Institute of America. This fourth edition has been completely revised and updated. Color illustrations, summaries, and questionnaires with solutions transform this book into a useful guide for graduate students, scientists, and medical practitioners. OPHTHALMOLOGY DENTISTRY GYNECOLOGY UROLOGY NEUROSURGERY ANGIOPLASTY AND CARDIOLOGY ORTHOPEDICS DERMATOLOGY AND COSMETICS GASTROENTEROLOGY OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY "An extremely useful reference companion." LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE This book provides a thorough description of the fundamentals and applications in this field. Basic concepts such as the optical and thermal properties of tissue, the various types of tissue ablation, and optical breakdown and its related effects are treated in detail. Special attention is given to mathematical tools (Monte Carlo simulations, the Kubelka--Munk theory etc.) and approved techniques (photodynamic therapy, laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy etc.). The part on applications reviews clinically relevant methods in modern medicine using the latest references. The last chapter covers today's standards of laser safety, with a careful selection of essential guidelines published by the Laser Institute of America. Numerous research photographs, illustrations, tables and comprehensive summaries make this book a useful guide for graduate students, scientists, and medical practitioners. Medical Practitioners, Scientists And Graduate Students Alike Will Find This Exhaustive Survey A Vital Learning Tool. It Provides A Thorough Description Of The Fundamentals And Applications In The Field Of Laser-tissue Interactions. Basic Concepts Such As The Optical And Thermal Properties Of Tissue, The Various Types Of Tissue Ablation, And Optical Breakdown And Its Related Effects Are Treated In Detail. The Author Pays Special Attention To Mathematical Tools (monte Carlo Simulations, The Kubelka-munk Theory Etc.) And Approved Techniques (photodynamic Therapy, Laser-induced Interstitial Thermotherapy Etc.). A Section On Applications Reviews Clinically Relevant Methods In Modern Medicine Using The Latest References. Front Matter ....Pages I-XVIII Introduction (Markolf H. Niemz)....Pages 1-8 Matter Acting on Light (Markolf H. Niemz)....Pages 9-44 Light Acting on Matter (Markolf H. Niemz)....Pages 45-152 Medical Applications of Lasers (Markolf H. Niemz)....Pages 153-249 Laser Safety (Markolf H. Niemz)....Pages 251-265 Back Matter ....Pages 267-313