Laws and Models : Science, Engineering, and Technology

The "laws" that govern our physical universe come in many guises-as principles, theorems, canons, equations, axioms, models, and so forth. They may be empirical, statistical, or theoretical, their names may reflect the person who first expressed them, the person who publicized them, or they might simply describe a phenomenon. However they may be named, the discovery and application of physical laws have formed the backbone of the sciences for 3,000 years. They exist by thousands. Laws and Models: Science, Engineering, and Technology-the fruit of almost 40 years of collection and research-compiles more than 1,200 of the laws and models most frequently encountered and used by engineers and technologists. The result is a collection as fascinating as it is useful. Each entry consists of a statement of the law or model, its date of origin, a one-line biography of the people involved in its formulation, sources of information about the law, and cross-references. Illustrated and highly readable, this book offers a unique presentation of the vast and rich collection of laws that rule our universe. Everyone with an interest in the inner workings of nature-from engineers to students, from teachers to journalists-will find Laws and Models to be not only a handy reference, but an engaging volume to read and browse. Contents......Page 21 A System of Logic......Page 3 Predictions......Page 4 Fundamental Assumptions in Modeling......Page 5 Unity Across Disparate Events......Page 6 Theory and Data, Data and Theory......Page 7 ABRAMS LAW (1919)......Page 22 ACCELERATION NUMBER,KO OR NKO......Page 23 Gloger Rule......Page 24 ADIABATIC LAW......Page 25 AIRLIGHT LAW —SEE KOSCHMIEDER......Page 26 ALFVÉN NUMBER (Al)OR ALFVÉN SPEED OR ALFVÉN GROUP......Page 27 ALGEBRA OF PROPOSITIONS,LAWS OF;ALGEBRA,FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF......Page 28 ALLEN PARADOXIC (PARADOXICAL)LAW (DIABETES)......Page 29 ALL-OR-NONE LAW OF EXCITATION (1871)(1917);ALL-OR-NOTHING LAW; ADRIAN PRINCIPLE;ADRIAN-BRONK LAW......Page 30 AMAGAT LAW OF ADDITIVE VOLUMES (1877)OR AMAGAT-LEDUC LAW OR RULE......Page 31 AMPERE LAW (1827);AMPERE-LAPLACE LAW;LAPLACE LAW......Page 32 ANGSTROM LAW (1861)......Page 33 APEX LAW or RULE......Page 34 ARCHIMEDES LAW (c. 240 b.c.); ARCHIMEDEAN PRINCIPLE; ARCHIMEDES BUOYANCY FORCE......Page 35 Weddle Rule......Page 36 ARITHMETIC SERIES —SEE ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION,LAW OF......Page 37 ARRHENIUS-OSTWALD THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES......Page 38 ASSOCIATION,LAW OF (GEOLOGY)......Page 39 ATMOSPHERES,LAW OF......Page 40 AUSTIN-COHEN LAW......Page 41 AVOGADRO LAW (1811)OR HYPOTHESIS;POSTULATE OF EQUAL VOLUMES, LAW OF......Page 42 AXES,LAW OF (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY)......Page 43 BACTERIAL GROWTH,LAW OF;OR LAW OF ORGANIC GROWTH......Page 44 BALFOUR LAW......Page 45 BARBA LAW (1880)......Page 46 BARUCH LAW......Page 47 BAUSCHINGER EFFECT......Page 48 BCS THEORY (1957)(SUPERCONDUCTIVITY)......Page 49 BEER-LAMBERT ABSORPTION LAW (1852)......Page 50 BELONGINGNESS,LAW OF (1931)......Page 51 BERNOULLI-EULER LAW,THEORY OF FLEXURE (1744)......Page 52 BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE (1738);BERNOULLI LAW;BERNOULLI LAW OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE (FLUIDS)......Page 53 BERTHELOT-NERNST LAW......Page 54 BETTI LAW OR THEOREM......Page 55 BIG BANG MODEL (1927;1946 * )......Page 56 BIOCLIMATIC LAW......Page 57 BIOTIC LAW (1953)......Page 58 BIOT NUMBER,Bi OR NBi......Page 59 BIVALENCE,PRINCIPLE OF OR LAW OF......Page 60 BLAGDEN LAW (1788)......Page 61 BLOCH LAW (LIGHT FLASHES)(1885)—SEE BUNSEN-ROSCOE......Page 62 BLONDEL-REY LAW (1911);ALSO CALLED TALBOT LAW......Page 63 BODENSTEIN NUMBER,Bo OR NBo......Page 64 BOILING POINT LAW,GENERAL......Page 65 BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION LAW (1871)......Page 66 BOND NUMBER,Bo OR NBo (1928)......Page 67 Absorption,Laws of......Page 68 BOSCOVICH LAW OF FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES (1745);UNIVERSAL FORCE LAW (1758)......Page 69 BOUGUER ANOMALY LAW......Page 70 BOUSSINESQ LAW......Page 71 BOYLE LAW (1660);BOYLE-MARIOTTE LAW;MARIOTTE LAW (1675)......Page 72 BRAGG-PIERCE LAW......Page 73 BREWSTER LAW (1811)......Page 74 BRÖNSTED CATALYSIS LAW OR RELATION (1923);BRÖNSTED-LOWRY LAW; LOWRY-BRÖNSTED LAW......Page 75 First Corollary......Page 76 Fourth Law......Page 77 BUCKINGHAM THEORY OR LAW (1914)......Page 78 BULK MODULUS NUMBER OR ELASTIC MODULUS......Page 79 BUOYANCY NUMBER,Buoy OR NBuoy OR PARAMETER......Page 80 BUYS BALLOT LAW (1857);BARIC WIND LAW;BASIC WIND LAW......Page 81 CAMP-MEIDELL CONDITION,INEQUALITY OR LAW (1921)......Page 82 CAPILLARITY NUMBER,CAP OR NCap......Page 83 CARNOT LAW (1824);CARNOT EFFICIENCY LAW;CARNOT NUMBER,Ca OR NCa......Page 84 CARREL LAW;CIRCATRIZATION,MATHEMATICAL LAW OF......Page 85 CATEGORICAL JUDGMENT,LAW OF......Page 86 CAVITATION NUMBER,......Page 87 CHAPMAN LAW......Page 88 CHARLES-GAY-LUSSAC LAW......Page 89 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM,LAW OF;GULDBERG AND WAAGE LAW (1863)......Page 90 CHILD LAW;CHILD-LANGMUIR LAW (1911);LANGMUIR-CHILD LAW......Page 91 V locity,Law of......Page 92 CLAUSIUS LAW (1850)......Page 93 CLAUSIUS NUMBER,Cl OR NCl......Page 94 COERCION TO CULTURAL-GENETIC MEAN,LAW OF......Page 95 COLBURN EQUATION......Page 96 COLOR MIXTURE,THREE LAWS OF......Page 97 COMBINATION LAW OF PROBABILITY......Page 98 COMBUSTION,LAWS OF......Page 99 COMPLEMENTARITY LAW OF PROBABILITY......Page 100 COMPOUND PENDULUM,LAW OF......Page 101 CONDENSATION NUMBER,Co OR NCo......Page 102 CONJUGACY,GENERAL LAW OF......Page 103 CONSERVATION LAWS (FLUID FLOW),DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF......Page 104 CONSERVATION OF ELECTRON FAMILY MEMBER......Page 105 CONSERVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY,LAW OF —SEE CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM......Page 106 CONSERVATION OF MASS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME,LAW OF......Page 107 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM,LAW OF;NEWTON THIRD LAW......Page 108 CONSERVATION OF SPIN,LAW OF......Page 109 CONSTANCY,LAW OF (PSYCHOLOGICAL)OR PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY......Page 110 CONSTANT GROWTH QUOTIENT,LAW OF —SEE RUBNER......Page 111 CONTINUITY,LAW OF......Page 112 CONTRAST,LAW OF;ARISTOTLE PRINCIPLE......Page 113 COPE LAW......Page 114 CORIOLIS PARAMETER,fc......Page 115 CORRESPONDING STATES,LAW OF (1881)......Page 116 COSINE LAW (ANGLES);LAW OF COSINES......Page 117 COULOMB LAW OF FORCE OF TORSION OF A METAL WIRE OR ROD......Page 118 COURVOISIER LAW......Page 119 CRAMER LAW (1942)(MEDICAL)......Page 120 CROCCO NUMBER,Cr OR NCr......Page 121 CUBIC LAW......Page 122 CURIE-WEISS LAW (1907);CURIE-WEISS LAW FOR FERROMAGNETISM......Page 123 CYBERNETICS,LAW OF (1948)—SEE REQUISITE VARIETY......Page 124 DALTON LAW OF ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER (1803,1808)......Page 125 DAMKÖHLER FIRST NUMBER,DaI OR NDal (1936);ALSO CALLED DAMKÖHLER RATIO......Page 126 DAMKÖHLER FOURTH NUMBER,......Page 127 D ’ARCY LAW FOR PACKED BEDS......Page 128 DEAN NUMBER,De OR NDe......Page 129 DEBYE-HÜCKEL LIMITING LAW (1923)......Page 130 DECAY LAW FOR RADIOACTIVITY (1902)......Page 131 DEFINITE COMPOSITION LAW;OR CONSTANT COMPOSITION,LAW OF; DEFINITE ACTION,LAW OF;ALSO KNOWN AS DEFINITE PROPORTIONS LAW......Page 132 DE LA RUE AND MILLER LAW......Page 133 DERIVATION,LAW OF......Page 134 Second Law......Page 135 DETERMINISM,LAW OF;OR DETERMINISTIC LAW......Page 136 DE WAELE POWER LAW (1923)......Page 137 1.Fick First Law......Page 138 DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS AND NUMBERS......Page 139 DISHARMONY LAW......Page 140 DISTRIBUTION LAW (CHEMICAL)(1872)......Page 141 DISTRIBUTIVE LAW OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION......Page 142 DOLLO LAW OR RULE,OR DOLLO LAW OF IRREVERSIBILITY......Page 143 DRAG FOR HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS,LAW OF......Page 144 DREW NUMBER,D OR ND......Page 145 DUANE-HUNT LAW (C.1915);DUANE AND HUNT LAW;ALSO PLANCK- EINSTEIN EQUATION;QUANTUM-ENERGY LAW......Page 146 DULONG AND PETIT COOLING LAW;5/4TH POWER LAW......Page 147 DULONG NUMBER,......Page 148 DYNAMIC SIMILARITY PARAMETERS —SEE FROUDE NUMBER (GRAVITY); PRANDTL NUMBER (HEAT CONDUCTION);REYNOLDS NUMBER (VISCOSITY)......Page 149 ECOLOGICAL VALENCY,LAW OF RELATIVITY OF;OR LAW OF RELATIVITY OF ECOLOGICAL VARIETY......Page 150 EFFECT,LAW OF (1899);OR THORNDIKE LAW OF EFFECT (1911);EMPIRICAL LAW OF EFFECT......Page 151 EINSTEIN LAW OF MOBILITY OF AN ION;EINSTEIN RELATION OF MOBILITY OF AN ION......Page 152 EINSTEIN LAW OF SPECIFIC HEAT (1907);EINSTEIN EQUATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT;EINSTEIN THEORY OF HEAT CAPACITY......Page 153 EINTHOVEN LAW OR EINTHOVEN EQUATION (1903)......Page 154 ELASTICITY,GENERALIZED LAW OF......Page 155 ELASTICITY 1 NUMBER,......Page 156 ELECTRICAL NUSSELT NUMBER,......Page 157 ELECTRIC POWER,LAW OF......Page 158 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY,LAW OF......Page 159 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY,FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF......Page 160 ELLIS NUMBER,......Page 161 EMMERT LAW......Page 162 VI.Laws of forces and •elds......Page 163 ENTROPY,LAW OF (1865);ALSO KNOWN AS CLAUSIUS LAW (1850,1854)......Page 164 EQUAL AREAS,LAW OF —SEE NEWTON SECOND LAW......Page 165 EQUILIBRIUM LAW,GENERAL (CHEMICAL)......Page 166 EQUIVALENT PROPORTIONS,LAW OF;EQUIVALENT RATIOS,LAW OF......Page 167 ERROR FUNCTION......Page 168 ETTINGSHAUSEN EFFECT OR LAW (1887)(OR VON ETTINGSHAUSEN)......Page 169 EVAPORATION 1 NUMBER,......Page 170 EWALD LAWS......Page 171 EXERCISE,LAW OF OR THORNDIKE LAW......Page 172 EXPONENTIAL FAILURE LAW......Page 173 EXPONENTS,LAWS OF......Page 174 EYRING THEORY OF LIQUID VISCOSITY......Page 175 FAJANS LAW OR RULE (1923)......Page 176 FARADAY EFFECT (1846)......Page 177 FARR LAW OF EPIDEMICS......Page 178 FECHNER LAW (1860);ALSO CALLED RANGE OF SENSIBILITY......Page 179 FERMAT LAST THEOREM (1637)......Page 180 FERMI INTERACTION LAWS......Page 181 FICK LAW OF DIFFUSION (1856 * ,1870)......Page 182 FIRST PRICE,LAW OF......Page 183 FLATAU LAW......Page 184 FLINT LAW (EMBRYOLOGY)......Page 185 FLUIDIZATION NUMBER,......Page 186 FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGES —SEE COULOMB LAW......Page 187 FOURIER NUMBER (HEAT TRANSFER)......Page 188 FRANCK-CONDON PRINCIPLE OR LAW (FRANCK,1925;CONDON,1928)......Page 189 FREEZING POINT AND SOLUBILITY LAW,GENERAL......Page 190 FRESNEL-ARAGO LAW (1811);FRESNEL LAW......Page 191 FRICTION,LAWS OF......Page 192 FROUDE NUMBER,......Page 193 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF PHYSICS......Page 194 GALILEO NUMBER,......Page 196 GASKELL LAW OF PROGRESS......Page 197 GAUSS LAW......Page 198 GAY LUSSAC LAW OF GASEOUS COMBINATION OR OF COMBINING VOLUMES (1809)OR LAW OF VOLUMES......Page 199 GEIGER-NUTTALL LAW (1911;REV.1921)......Page 200 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS,FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF......Page 201 GERHARDT LAW;GERHARDT-SEMON LAW;SEMON-ROSENBACH LAW......Page 202 GIBBS-DONNAN LAW......Page 203 GILBERT PRINCIPLE —SEE EQUAL DECLIVITIES......Page 204 GLEN LAW OR FLOW LAW OF ICE (1955)......Page 205 GOLGI LAW......Page 206 GOODHART LAW (ECONOMICS)......Page 207 GOUCHER NUMBER,......Page 208 GRAHAM LAW OF EFFUSION (1829)......Page 209 GRASSMANN (GRASSMAN * )LAW OF COLOR VISION (1853);LAW OF COLOR MIXTURE......Page 210 GREAT NUMBERS,LAW OF......Page 211 GROSCH LAW (1949)......Page 212 GRÜNEISEN LAW (1908)OR GRÜNEISEN SECOND RULE......Page 213 GUKHMAN NUMBER,......Page 214 GULDBERG LAW OR RULE (1890)......Page 215 GYRATION,LAW OF —SEE DOVE......Page 216 HAGEN-POISEUILLE LAW (1839;1840);POISEUILLE LAW......Page 217 HALL EFFECT (1879)......Page 218 HANAU LAW OF ARTICULATION......Page 219 HARKINS-JURA ISOTHERM MODEL (1946)......Page 220 HAÜY LAW (1784)......Page 221 HEART-WEIGHT RULE OR HESSE RULE......Page 222 HEAT LIBERATION LAW;OR SINUSOIDAL HEAT LIBERATION LAW......Page 223 HEAT TRANSFER,GENERAL LAWS OF......Page 224 HEAVISIDE LAYER,LAW OF;ALSO CALLED KENNELLY-HEAVISIDE LAYER......Page 225 HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE OR LAW (1927)OR INDETERMINANCY PRINCIPLE......Page 226 HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGY FUNCTION,F......Page 227 HELMHOLTZ,LAW OF;OR LAW OF THOMSON......Page 228 HELM-OSTWALD INTENSITY LAW......Page 229 HERING LAW;LAW OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS;HERING LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION (188x)......Page 230 HERTZ CONTACT LAW;LAW OF CONTACT FOR IMPACT......Page 231 HESS LAW OF HEAT SUMMATION (1840);LAW OF CONSTANCY OF HEAT......Page 232 HILDEBRANDT RULE (1915)......Page 233 HODGKIN LAW (1947);ALSO CALLED HODGKIN-HUXLEY LAW......Page 234 HOMOCHRONOUS NUMBER,......Page 235 HOOKE LAW (1676);YOUNG MODULUS......Page 236 HOPFIELD MODEL (1982)......Page 237 HUBBLE LAW (1929)......Page 238 HUYGENS LAW (1678)......Page 239 HYDROSTATICS,FIRST LAW OF;ARCHIMEDES LAW......Page 240 HYPERCHARGE —SEE I SPIN......Page 241 IDEAL MIXTURES,LAW OF......Page 242 IMPACT,LAW OF......Page 243 INCREASE OF THE RANDOM ELEMENT,LAW OF......Page 244 INERTIA,LAW OF (1638);ALSO KNOWN AS NEWTON FIRST LAW OF MOTION (1667)......Page 245 INTEGRAL EXPONENTS,LAWS OF......Page 246 INTERNAL PRESSURE PRODUCED BY AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN A CONDUCTOR,LAW OF......Page 247 IONIZATION,THREE-HALVES POWER LAW;OR GEIGER LAW (1913)......Page 248 ISOMORPHISM,LAW OF (1817;1819)......Page 249 ISOTHERM MODELS......Page 250 ITERATED LOGARITHM,LAW OF THE......Page 251 JAKOB NUMBER OR MODULUS,Ja......Page 252 JEFFREYS NUMBER,......Page 253 JORDAN LAW OR RULE......Page 254 JOULE SECOND LAW (1843);OR MAYER HYPOTHESIS (1842)......Page 255 JURIN LAW OF CAPILLARY ACTION (1750)......Page 256 KÁRMÁN NUMBER 2,......Page 258 KEPLER CONJECTURE ON STACKING SPHERES (1611)......Page 259 KETCHUM LAW......Page 260 KIRCHHOFF-CLAUSIUS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN EMISSIVE POWER AND THE MEDIUM,LAW OF;CALLED KIRCHHOFF LAW BY MANY......Page 261 KIRCHHOFF OPTICAL LAW;LAW OF KIRCHHOFF,OPTICAL......Page 262 KIRPITCHEFF NUMBER,......Page 263 KNIGHT-DARWIN LAW......Page 264 KNUDSEN NUMBER,......Page 265 KOLMOGOROFF –5/3 POWER LAW......Page 266 KONOVALOV LAWS......Page 267 KOSCHMIEDER RELATIONSHIP......Page 268 KRANZBERG LAWS OF TECHNOLOGY (1997 * )......Page 269 KRONIG NUMBER,......Page 270 KUTATELADZE NUMBER (2)......Page 271 KUTTA-JOUKOWSKY (ZHUKOVSKI)LAW(EARLY 20TH CENTURY)......Page 272 LAGRANGE NUMBER 2,......Page 273 LAMBERT-BEER LAW......Page 274 LAMBERT LAW OF EMISSION (LIGHT)(1760);LAMBERT COSINE EMISSION LAW......Page 275 LANCEREAUX LAW OF THROMBOSIS......Page 276 LANE LAW......Page 277 LANGMUIR LAW;LANGMUIR-CHILD LAW OR CHILD-LANGMUIR (1911); THREE-HALVES POWER LAW......Page 278 LAPLACE LAW OF MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 279 LARGE NUMBERS,LAW OF (1689)(1713);BERNOULLI THEOREM (1713)......Page 280 LAVAL NUMBER,......Page 281 LEBEDEV (LEBEDOV)NUMBER,......Page 282 LEIBNIZ (LEIBNITZ)LAW......Page 283 LEOPOLD LAW......Page 284 LEVRET LAW (MEDICAL)......Page 285 LEWIS RULE (1922)......Page 286 LIGHT EMISSION,COSINE LAW OF......Page 287 LINDGREN VOLUME LAW......Page 288 LINEAR GROWTH CURVE OR LAW......Page 289 LISTER PRINCIPLE OR LAW (1867)......Page 290 LOGARITHMS,FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF (1614)......Page 291 LOMNITZ LAW......Page 292 LORENTZ-LORENZ LAW (1870,* 1878);LORENZ-LORENTZ LAW **......Page 293 LORENZ LAW;ALSO KNOWN AS WIEDEMANN-FRANZ RATIO......Page 294 LOW MAGNETIC FIELDS —SEE RAYLEIGH......Page 295 LUMINESCENCE EQUIVALENCE LAW......Page 296 LYASHCHENKO NUMBER,......Page 297 LYKOV NUMBER —SEE LUIKOV NUMBER......Page 298 MACHINES,LAW OF......Page 299 MACH MAGNETIC NUMBER,......Page 300 MAGNETIC-DYNAMIC NUMBER,......Page 301 MAGNETIC INTENSITY AND INDUCTION,LAW OF......Page 302 MAGNETIC PRESSURE NUMBER,S......Page 303 MAGNUS EFFECT (1860)......Page 304 MALLARD LAW......Page 305 MARANGONI NUMBER,......Page 306 MARIOTTE LAW (c.1650)(MARRIOTTE * LAW);OR BOYLE LAW......Page 307 MASS-LAW EFFECT;COMMON ION EFFECT......Page 308 MATTHIESSEN RULE FOR RESISTIVITY (1864)......Page 309 MAXWELL DISTRIBUTION LAW (1860)......Page 310 MAXWELL-FARADAY LAW (1864-1873);FIRST LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (1873)......Page 311 MAXWELL RELAXATION TIME IN SHEAR LAW (VISCOELASTIC)......Page 312 MEAN,LAW OF;OR MEAN VALUE THEOREM......Page 313 MENDEL FIRST LAW OF HEREDITY;OR LAW OF SEGREGATION (1865)......Page 314 MERKEL LAW......Page 315 METABOLIC CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION,LAW OF......Page 316 MEYER LAW OF INDENTATION (MATERIALS)(1908)......Page 317 MINER LAW OR RULE —SEE LINEAR DAMAGE;ODQUIST......Page 318 MIRROR SYMMETRY,LAW OF,OR PARITY......Page 319 MODEL LAWS......Page 320 MOMENTS,LAW OF......Page 321 MORGAN (LLOYD)CANON......Page 322 MOTT LAW OF ANTICIPATION......Page 323 MÜLLERIAN LAW;ICOSACANTHIC LAW......Page 324 MULTIPLICATIVE LAW OF PROBABILITY......Page 325 MURRI LAW......Page 326 MYER —SEE MEYER (ESTERIFICATION)......Page 327 NATURE,LAWS OF,OR NATURAL LAW......Page 328 NERNST DIFFUSIVITY LAW (1893);OR NERNST-THOMSON (THOMPSON * ) RULE......Page 329 NERNST LAW......Page 330 NEUMANN-KOPP LAW (1831)......Page 331 NEUMANN LAW ON MOLECULAR SPECIFIC HEAT (1831 * )......Page 332 NEWTONIAN FRICTION LAW......Page 333 NEWTON LAW FOR MOMENTUM AND MOMENT OF MOMENTUM......Page 334 NEWTON LAW OF COOLING (1701)......Page 335 NEWTON LAW OF OPTICS (OPTICKS)(1704)......Page 336 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY (1687)......Page 337 NEWTON NUMBER,......Page 338 NOMOLOGICAL MODEL —SEE COVERING LAW......Page 339 NORMAL LAW.;NORMAL LAW OF ERROR;NORMAL OR GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION LAW;GAUSS ERROR CURVE;PROBABILITY CURVE......Page 340 NUSSELT BOILING OR BUBBLE NUMBER,......Page 341 NUSSELT NUMBER (MASS TRANSFER)......Page 342 NYSTEN LAW......Page 343 OCULAR MOVEMENTS —SEE HERING......Page 344 OERSTED ELECTROMAGNETISM LAW (1820)......Page 345 OHNESORGE NUMBER,......Page 346 ONE-SEVENTH POWER —SEE PRANDTL......Page 347 ORIGINAL CONTINUITY,LAW OF (GEOLOGY)(1669)......Page 348 OSTROGRADSKY NUMBER,......Page 349 OSTWALD DILUTION OR MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY LAW (1888)......Page 350 OWEN FIFTH POWER LAW......Page 351 OXIDATION BY GREEN PLANTS,LAW OF......Page 352 PARADOXIC LAW (PHYSIOLOGY)—SEE ALLEN......Page 353 PARALLEL RESISTANCES,LAW OF......Page 354 PARKINSON LAW (1958)......Page 355 PARTITION,LAW OF;OR DISTRIBUTION LAW (1872)......Page 356 PASTEUR EFFECT......Page 357 PÉCLET NUMBER (HEAT TRANSFER)......Page 358 PEPTIC ACTIVITY,LAW OF......Page 359 PERMISSION,LAW OF —SEE PROHIBITION,LAW OF......Page 360 PFLÜGER LAW......Page 361 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT,LAWS OF (1888)(1924);(PUBLISHED IN 1930)......Page 362 PHOTOMETRY,LAWS OF......Page 363 PIOBERT EFFECT......Page 364 PLANCK QUANTUM LAW (1900)......Page 365 PLASTIC STRAIN-RATE LAW......Page 366 PLAYFAIR AXIOM......Page 367 POISEUILLE NUMBER,......Page 368 POISSON LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS......Page 369 POISSON RATIO,......Page 370 POPULATION GROWTH,LAW OF;POPULATIONS,LAW OF......Page 371 POSNOV NUMBER,......Page 372 POWER LAW (ONE-SEVENTH)......Page 373 POWER LAWS,GENERAL......Page 374 POWER NUMBER,......Page 375 PRANDTL-GLAUERT LAW......Page 376 PRANDTL ONE-SEVENTH POWER LAW......Page 377 PRESSURE NUMBER OR PARAMETER,......Page 378 PRICE SQUARE ROOT LAW (c.1963)......Page 379 PROBABILITY,LAW OF (PHYSICAL)(1654)......Page 380 PROGRAM EVOLUTION,LAWS OF......Page 381 PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES,LAWS FOR GUIDED......Page 382 PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW (1850)......Page 383 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM;PYTHAGORAS THEOREM (SIXTH CENTURY B.C.)......Page 384 QUADRATIC RECIPROCITY,LAW OF......Page 386 QUANTUM LAW OR THEORY (1900)......Page 387 QUARK CONCEPT (1963)......Page 388 RADIATION PRESSURE NUMBER,rp......Page 390 RAMAN SCATTERING,LAW OF (1928);RAMAN EFFECT;SMEKAL-RAMAN EFFECT......Page 391 RAMZIN NUMBER,......Page 392 RANKINE LAW (c.1860)......Page 393 RATE LAW OF A REACTION......Page 394 RAYLEIGH LAW FOR LOW MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 395 RAYLEIGH LAW OF LIGHT DISPERSION (1871)......Page 396 REACTION,FIRST ORDER LAW OF;OR MASS ACTION,LAW OF......Page 397 REBINDER NUMBER,......Page 398 RECIPROCAL PROPORTIONS (PROPERTIES),LAW OF (1792)......Page 399 REFLECTION (WAVES),LAWS OF;REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT A PLANE SURFACE,LAWS OF......Page 400 REFRESHMENT,LAW OF......Page 401 RELATIONS,LAW OF (1859)......Page 402 RELATIVITY,LAW OF (MEDICINE)......Page 403 REQUISITE VARIETY,LAW OF (1956)......Page 404 RESPIRATION QUOTIENT,LAW OF......Page 405 REYNOLDS ELECTRIC NUMBER,......Page 406 REYNOLDS NUMBER,......Page 407 RICCO LAW......Page 408 RICHARDSON NUMBER,......Page 409 RIGID BODY —SEE EQUILIBRIUM FOR A RIGID BODY......Page 410 ROBERTS STRAIGHT LINE SLIDER LINKAGE......Page 411 ROMANKOV NUMBER,......Page 412 ROSSBY NUMBER,......Page 413 ROUSSEL LAW OR SIGN......Page 414 RUBNER AND RICHET SURFACE AREA LAW......Page 415 RUSSELL,FAJANS,AND SODDY DISPLACEMENT LAW (1913)......Page 416 RYDBERG-SCHUSTER LAW (1900)......Page 417 SAINT-VENANT LAW OR PRINCIPLE (1855);ALSO WRITTEN AS ST.VENANT......Page 418 SCALING LAWS......Page 419 SCHMIDT (OR SCHMID)SHEAR STRESS LAW......Page 420 SCREW —SEE MACHINE......Page 421 SEMI-FLUIDS PRESSURE AND FLOW,LAW OF......Page 422 SENESCENCE,LAW OF......Page 423 SHANNON LAW OR FORMULA OR THEOREM (1948)......Page 424 SHERRINGTON LAWS OF REFLEX IRRADIATION (1895)......Page 425 SIMILARITY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES,NUMBER FOR,K OR NK......Page 426 SINE LAW;LAW OF SINES......Page 427 SLOSH TIME NUMBER,......Page 428 SNELL LAW (1613 * ,1621);SNELL LAW OF REFRACTION;DESCARTES LAW......Page 429 SOIL SETTLEMENT,LAW OF;MODEL LAW FOR CONSOLIDATION PROCESS OF A CLAY (1925)......Page 430 SOMMERFELD AND KOSSEL SPECTROSCOPIC DISPLACEMENT LAW......Page 431 SPALDING FUNCTION (NUMBER)......Page 432 SPECIFICITY OF BACTERIA,LAW OF;KOCH LAW OR POSTULATE......Page 433 SPÖRER (SPOERER)LAW OF SUNSPOT LATITUDES (1859)......Page 434 SQUEEZE NUMBER,......Page 435 STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE,LAW OF,S.E.......Page 436 STARK (1908)-EINSTEIN (1912)LAW OF PHOTOCHEMICAL EQUIVALENCE;OR EINSTEIN LAW OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY;FIRST LAW OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY......Page 437 STEFAN LAW (1879;1886 * );STEFAN FOURTH-POWER LAW;STEFAN LAW OF RADIANT ENERGY;STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW (1884)......Page 438 STEINMETZ LAW (1916)......Page 439 STEVENS PSYCHOLOGICAL LAW (1951);STEVENS POWER LAW......Page 440 STOKES-CUNNINGHAM LAW......Page 441 STOKES LAW (LIGHT)......Page 442 STOKES LAW OF RADIATION......Page 443 STOKES NUMBER,......Page 444 STREAM LENGTHS,LAW OF (1945);ALSO CHANNEL LENGTH,LAW OF......Page 445 STRESS-STRAIN LAW OF NEWTONIAN FLUID;OR NEWTON-STOKES FLUID......Page 446 STRONG LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS;OR KOLMOGOROV THEOREM......Page 447 SUBSTITUTION,LAW OF (ECOLOGY)......Page 448 SUPERPOSITION,LAW OF (1669)(GEOLOGY)......Page 449 SURFACE RELATIONSHIPS,LAW OF (1964)......Page 450 SUTHERLAND LAW (1893)......Page 451 SYMMETRY LAWS,PHYSICS......Page 452 TANGENTS,LAW OF......Page 454 TAYLOR NUMBER (1)......Page 455 TEMPERATURE OF MIXTURES,LAW OF —SEE BLACK......Page 456 THERMOCOUPLES,FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF......Page 457 THERMODYNAMICS,LAWS OF (1847,1850,1851,1906)......Page 458 THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT —SEE SEEBECK;THOMSON EFFECT......Page 459 THOMA NUMBER,......Page 460 THOMSON NUMBER,......Page 461 THORNDIKE LAWS OF LEARNING......Page 462 THRING NUMBER,......Page 463 TITIUS LAW (1772);OR TITIUS-BODE LAW (1772);OR BODE LAW (1772)......Page 464 TOOTHED GEARING,FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF......Page 465 TRANSFORMATION LAWS......Page 466 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE —SEE AREA......Page 467 TRUNCATION NUMBER,......Page 468 TWIN LAWS IN FELDSPARS......Page 469 TYNDALL EFFECT......Page 470 UNIFORMITY,LAW OF......Page 471 UNIVERSAL LAW OF THE WALL —SEE WALL......Page 472 USE,LAW OF (LEARNING)......Page 473 VAN DER WAALS EQUATION (1873)OR LAW......Page 474 VAN ’T HOFF-MARIOTTE LAW......Page 475 VAPOR PRESSURE LAW,FUNDAMENTAL......Page 476 VECTOR ADDITION,LAWS OF......Page 477 VELOCITY-DEFECT LAW;OR OUTER WALL LAW......Page 478 VERNER LAW (1875)......Page 479 VIRCHOW LAW......Page 480 Kelvin model or Voigt-Kelvin model......Page 481 VOIT LAW OF METABOLISM......Page 482 VORTEX MOTION LAWS......Page 483 VULPIAN LAWS......Page 484 WAGNER LAW (1876)(ECONOMICS)......Page 485 WAGNER PARABOLIC LAW OF DIFFUSION......Page 486 WALL,LAW OF (1930s)......Page 487 WARBURG COS LAW......Page 488 WATT LAW......Page 489 WEAK LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS......Page 490 WEBER LAW OF ELECTRICAL FORCE (1846)......Page 491 WEIGERT LAW......Page 492 WENTZEL LAW (1927)......Page 493 WHITE LAW......Page 494 WIEDEMANN-FRANZ LAW (1853);WIEDEMANN-FRANZ-LORENZ LAW (1872)......Page 495 WIEN RADIATION LAW (1896)......Page 496 WÖHLER LAWS (1870)......Page 497 WORK-HARDENING,LAW OF;OR STRAIN-HARDENING,LAW OF......Page 498 WYSSAKOVITSCH LAW......Page 499 X-RAY PHENOMENON (1895)......Page 500 YOUNG-HELMHOLTZ LAW (MECHANICS)......Page 501 YOUNG MODULUS,E......Page 502 YOUNG RULE (1813)(MEDICINE)......Page 503 YUKAWA INTERACTION (1935)......Page 504 ZHUKOVSKY (ZHUKOVSKI)NUMBER,......Page 505 ZONE LAW OF WEISS......Page 506 SOURCES and REFERENCES......Page 507 "The "laws" that govern our physical universe come in many guises - as principles, theorems, canons, equations, axioms, models, and so forth." "Laws and Models : Science, Engineering, and Technology compiles more than 1,500 of the laws and models most frequently encountered and used by engineers and technologists. Each entry consists of a simple statement of the law or model, its date of origin, a one-line biography of the people involved in its formulation, sources of information about the law, and cross-references." "Everyone with an interest in the inner workings of nature - from engineers to students, from teachers to journalists - will find Laws and Models : Science, Engineering and Technology to be not only a handy reference, but also an engaging volume to read and browse."--Résumé de l'éditeur "The "laws" that govern our physical universe come in many guises - as principles, theorems, canons, equations, axioms, models, and so forth." "Laws and Models: Science, Engineering, and Technology compiles more than 1,500 of the laws and models most frequently encountered and used by engineers and technologists. Each entry consists of a simple statement of the law or model, its date of origin, a one-line biography of the people involved in its formulation, sources of information about the law, and cross-references." "Everyone with an interest in the inner workings of nature - from engineers to students, from teachers to journalists - will find Laws and Models: Science, Engineering and Technology to be not only a handy reference, but also an engaging volume to read and browse."--Jacket