Learning and memory : from brain to behavior

With real-world examples, fascinating applications, and clear explanations, this breakthrough text helps uninitiated students understand the basic ideas and human impact of groundbreaking learning and memory research. Its unique organization into three sections--Behavioral Processes, Brain Substrates, and Clinical Perspectives--allows students to make connections across chapters while giving instructors the flexibility to assign the material that matches the course. The new edition again offers the book's signature inclusion of human and non-human studies and full-color design and images. You'll find even more meaningful real-life examples; new coverage of learning and memory research and brain-imaging; an expanded discussion of the role of genetics in producing individual differences; new material on the role of sleep in memory, and more. About this Book Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Preface Introductory Module Chapter 1 Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory 1.1 Linking Ideas in the Mind William James and Memory Networks Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top 10 Tips for a Better Memory Ivan Pavlov’s Conditioning Studies Edward Thorndike and the Law of Effect 1.2 Nature Versus Nurture Descartes and Dualism John Locke and the Blank Slate John Watson’s Behaviorism B. F. Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism 1.3 Comparing Humans to Other Animals Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection The Neo-Behaviorism of Edward Tolman 1.4 Formal Models and Universal Laws Hermann Ebbinghaus and Human Memory Experiments Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: What If You Could Form No New Memories? Clark Hull and Mathematical Models of Learning W. K. Estes and Mathematical Psychology George Miller and Information Theory The Connectionist Models of David Rumelhart Synthesis Chapter 1 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 2 The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top Five Tips for Faster Forgetting 2.1 Structural Plasticity in Nervous Systems Brains How Experience Changes Brain Structure 2.2 Functional Properties of Learning and Memory Systems What Brains Do How Remembering Changes Brain Activity 2.3 Finding and Manipulating Memories Looking for Memories How Researchers Change Brain Activity Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can a Pill Improve Your Memory? Synthesis Chapter 2 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Learning Module Chapter 3 Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events 3.1 Behavioral Processes Recognizing and Responding to Repetition Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sex on the Beach The What and Where of Learning from Exposure Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Unconscious Racial Bias 3.2 Brain Substrates An Invertebrate Model System Perceptual Learning and Cortical Plasticity Hippocampal Involvement in Spatial Learning and Familiarity 3.3 Clinical Perspectives Rehabilitation After Stroke: Habituation Gone Awry Sensitization to Stress in Anxiety and Depression Human–Machine Interfaces: Regaining Sensory Modalities Through Perceptual Learning Synthesis Chapter 3 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 4 Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Significant Events 4.1 Behavioral Processes Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning Refining the Basic Principles Error Correction and the Modulation of US Processing Stimulus Attention and the Modulation of CS Processing Other Determinants of Conditioning 4.2 Brain Substrates Conditioning of Motor Reflexes in the Mammalian Brain Invertebrates and the Cellular Basis of Learning 4.3 Clinical Perspectives Tolerance to Addictive Drugs Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extinguishing a Drug Habit Reducing the Need for Medication or Reducing Its Side Effects Synthesis Chapter 4 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 5 Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors 5.1 Behavioral Processes The “Discovery” of Operant Conditioning Learning About Stimuli and Responses Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Drug-Detecting Dogs Learning About Outcomes Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Problem with Punishment Putting It All Together: Building the SD ➔ R ➔ O Association Choice Behavior 5.2 Brain Substrates The Dorsal Striatum and Stimulus–Response (SD ➔ R) Learning The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Learning to Predict Outcomes Mechanisms of Reinforcement Signaling in the Brain Punishment Signaling in the Brain 5.3 Clinical Perspectives Drug Addiction Behavioral Addiction Treatments for Addiction Synthesis Chapter 5 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 6 Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation 6.1 Behavioral Processes Generalization: When Similar Stimuli Predict Similar Outcomes Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Does Amazon.com Know What You Want to Buy Next? Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control: When Similar Stimuli Predict Different Outcomes Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sleep Better Through Stimulus Control Beyond Similarity Concept Formation, Category Learning, and Prototypes Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Racism in Generalizations About Other People 6.2 Brain Substrates Cortical Representations and Generalization Generalization and the Hippocampal Region 6.3 Clinical Perspectives Generalization Deficits in Schizophrenia Altered Generalization in Autism Spectrum Disorder Synthesis Chapter 6 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Memory Module Chapter 7 Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory: Memory for Events and for Facts 7.1 Behavioral Processes Features of Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory Encoding New Memories Retrieving Existing Memories Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extraordinary Memorizers When Memory Fails Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation Metamemory Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Optimize Your Study Habits 7.2 Brain Substrates Cortical Networks for Semantic Memory The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Storage Determining What Gets Stored Long-Term Storage and Retrieval 7.3 Clinical Perspectives Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Cost of Concussion Transient Global Amnesia Functional Amnesia Synthesis Chapter 7 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 8 Skill Memory: Learning by Doing 8.1 Behavioral Processes Features of Skill Memories Encoding New Memories Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Some Cognitive Skills Easier for Men Than for Women? Retrieving Existing Memories When Memory Fails 8.2 Brain Substrates The Basal Ganglia and Skill Learning Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Video Games Good for the Brain? Cortical Representations of Skills The Cerebellum and Timing 8.3 Clinical Perspectives Parkinson’s Disease Human–Machine Interfaces: Learning to Consciously Control Artificial Limbs Synthesis Chapter 8 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 9 Working Memory and Cognitive Control 9.1 Behavioral Processes Transient Memories Working Memory Cognitive Control Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Give Your Working Memory a Break 9.2 Brain Substrates Frontal-Lobe Anatomy and Consequences of Frontal-Lobe Damage Studies of Frontal Brain Activity During Working-Memory Tasks Mapping Executive Processing and Working Memory onto PFC Anatomy Prefrontal Control of Long-Term Declarative Memory 9.3 Clinical Perspectives The Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Synthesis Chapter 9 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Integrative Topics Module Chapter 10 Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory 10.1 Behavioral Processes What Is Emotion? Assessing Emotion in Nonhuman Animals Learning About Emotion-Evoking Stimuli: Focus on Fear Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: “Immunizing” Against Learned Helplessness Memory for Emotional Events Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Truth or Consequences 10.2 Brain Substrates Emotional Learning in the Brain Conscious Feelings and the Frontal Lobes Emotional Memory in the Brain Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Much Stress Is Too Much? 10.3 Clinical Perspectives Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Synthesis Chapter 10 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 11 Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting 11.1 Behavioral Processes Copying What Is Seen Copying What Is Heard Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Karaoke Social Transmission of Information Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Learning What to Like from Super Bowl Ads 11.2 Brain Substrates Identifying Mirror Neurons Mirror Neurons in Songbirds 11.3 Clinical Perspectives Imitative Deficits After Stroke Autism Spectrum Disorder Synthesis Chapter 11 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Chapter 12 Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan 12.1 Behavioral Processes The Developing Memory: Infancy Through Childhood Sensitive Periods for Early Learning Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Teaching Babies Signs Before Speech Adolescence: Crossing from Childhood into Adulthood The Aging Memory: Adulthood Through Old Age 12.2 Brain Substrates The Genetic Blueprint Is Modified by Experience Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical Music Make Babies Smarter? Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain Brain Changes in Adolescence The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age 12.3 Clinical Perspectives Down Syndrome Alzheimer’s Disease Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Mental Exercise Protect Against Alzheimer’s Disease? A Connection Between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease Synthesis Chapter 12 Review Know Your Key Terms Quiz Yourself Concept Check Answers to Test Your Knowledge Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Back Cover