Table of Contents 4 Preface 6 Position 9 Motion 11 Seasonal Stars 15 Solar vs. Sidereal Day 19 Ecliptic 21 Star Charts 27 Kepler's Second Law 29 Kepler's Third Law 33 Newton's Laws and Gravity 37 Apparent and Absolute Magnitudes of Stars 41 The Parsec 45 Parallax and Distance 49 Spectroscopic Parallax 53 Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum of Light 55 Telescopes and Earth's Atmosphere 59 Observing the Universe with Multiple Telescopes 63 Luminosity, Temperature, and Size 69 Blackbody Radiation 73 Types of Spectra 77 Light and Atoms 79 Observing the Invisible - Molecular Excitations and Synchrotron Radiation 83 Analyzing Spectra 89 Doppler Shift 93 The Cause of Moon Phases 99 Predicting Moon Phases 103 Path of the Sun 107 Seasons 111 Observing Retrograde Motion 117 Earth's Changing Surface 119 Greenhouse Effect 123 Formation of Planets in the Solar System 129 Sizing Up the Planets 135 Comparing the Surfaces of Planets 141 Sun Size 145 H-R Diagram 149 Star Formation and Lifetimes 151 Binary Stars 153 Detecting Extrasolar Planets with the Doppler Method 157 Detecting Exoplanets with the Transit Method 163 Stellar Evolution 169 Milky Way Scales 171 Galaxy Classification 175 Dark Matter 179 Looking at Distant Objects 185 Expansion of the Universe 187 Hubble-Lemaitre Law 189 Making Sense of the Universe and Expansion 193 Expansion, Lookback Times, and Distances 197 Detecting Exoplanets with Gravitational Microlensing 199 The Big Bang 205 Funded by the National Science Foundation, Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 4th Edition is designed to make traditional lecture-format courses more interactive. These easy-to-implement student activities can be integrated into any existing course structure. Presented in a classroom-ready format and requiring no equipment, each of the 50 Lecture-Tutorials challenges students with a series of questions carefully designed to engage them in critical reasoning and spark classroom discussion. Each activity targets one or more specific learning objectives based on education research; these activities lead to deeper, more complete student understanding through a series of structured questions that prompt students to use reasoning and identify and correct their misconceptions. All content has been extensively field tested and 7 new tutorials have been added that respond to reviewer demand, numerous interviews, and nationally conducted workshops--back cover
