Light-matter interaction : physics and engineering at the nanoscale

Light-matter interaction is pervasive throughout the disciplines of optical and atomic physics, condensed matter physics, electrical engineering, and now increasingly in biology and medicine with frequency and length scales extending over many orders of magnitude. Deep earth and sea communications use frequencies of a few tens of Hz, and X-ray imaging requires sources oscillating at hundreds of petaHz. This book provides advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers from diverse disciplines with the principal tools required to understand and contribute to rapidly advancing developments in light-matter interaction, centred at optical frequencies and length scales from a few hundred nanometres to a few hundredths of a nanometre. This book deploys an arsenal of powerful analytic tools to render this multidisciplinary subject in unique form, not encountered in standard Physics or Electrical Engineering text books. This new edition has been substantially expanded with almost 200 pages of new material. Several new and extended chapters treat momentum flow between fields and matter, metamaterials, and atom-optical forces applied to atomic and molecular cooling and trapping. Cover 1 Preface 6 Fundamental Constants and Symbols 10 Contents 12 1 Historical Synopsis of Light–Matter Interaction 16 1.1 Light and matter in antiquity 16 1.2 The Golden Age of Sciences in Islam 17 1.3 Light and matter in the European Renaissance 18 1.4 The revolution accelerates 22 1.5 One scientific revolution spawns another 24 1.6 Summary 26 1.7 Further reading 27 2 Elements of Classical Electrodynamics 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Relations among classical field quantities 28 2.3 Classical fields in matter 30 2.4 Maxwell's equations 31 2.5 Static fields, potentials, and energy 33 2.6 Three examples of problem solving in electrostatics 37 2.7 Dynamic fields and potentials 49 2.8 Dipole radiation 53 2.9 Light propagation in dielectric and conducting media 56 2.10 Summary 60 2.11 Exercises 60 2.12 Further reading 62 3 Physical Optics of Plane Waves 63 3.1 Plane electromagnetic waves 63 3.2 Plane wave reflection and refraction 74 3.3 Summary 100 3.4 Further reading 100 4 Energy Flow in Polarisable Matter 101 4.1 Poynting's theorem in polarisable material 101 4.2 Harmonically driven polarisation field 102 4.3 Drude–Lorentz dispersion 103 4.4 Polarisation from polarisability 110 4.5 Summary 114 4.6 Further reading 114 5 The Classical Charged Oscillator and the Dipole Antenna 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 The proto-antenna 115 5.3 Real antennas 117 5.4 Summary 121 5.5 Further reading 122 6 Classical Black-body Radiation 123 6.1 Field modes in a cavity 123 6.2 Planck mode distribution 126 6.3 The Einstein A and B coefficients 127 6.4 Summary 129 6.5 Further reading 129 7 Surface Waves 130 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 History of electromagnetic surface waves 130 7.3 Plasmon surface waves at optical frequencies 131 7.4 Plasmon surface wave dispersion 141 7.5 Energy flux and density at the boundary 149 7.6 Plasmon surface waves and waveguides 153 7.7 Surface waves at a dielectric interface 157 7.8 Summary 166 7.9 Exercises 167 7.10 Further reading 168 8 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Elements of conventional circuit theory 169 8.3 Transmission lines 174 8.4 Special termination cases 183 8.5 Waveguides 187 8.6 Rectangular waveguides 193 8.7 Cylindrical waveguides 197 8.8 Networks of transmission lines and waveguides 204 8.9 Nanostructures and equivalent circuits 213 8.10 Summary 224 8.11 Exercises 224 8.12 Further reading 225 9 Metamaterials 226 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 Left-handed materials 226 9.3 Negative index metamaterials and waveguides 228 9.4 Reflection and transmission in stacked layers 231 9.5 Summary 268 9.6 Bibliography 268 10 Momentum in Fields and Matter 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Einstein Box thought experiment 272 10.3 Balazs thought experiment 274 10.4 Field equations and force laws 279 10.5 Summary 312 10.6 Further reading 313 10.7 Bibliography 313 11 Atom-Light Forces 316 11.1 Introduction 316 11.2 The atom as a damped harmonic oscillator 317 11.3 Radiative damping and electron scattering 320 11.4 The semiclassical two-level atom 321 11.5 The dipole-gradient and radiation pressure forces 332 11.6 Summary 341 11.7 Exercises 341 11.8 Further reading 341 12 Radiation in Classical and Quantal Atoms 343 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Dipole emission of an atomic electron 343 12.3 Radiative damping and electron scattering 346 12.4 The Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom 347 12.5 State energy and angular momentum 357 12.6 Real orbitals 360 12.7 Interaction of light with the hydrogen atom 361 12.8 The fourth quantum number: intrinsic spin 373 12.9 Other simple quantum dipolar systems 373 12.10 Summary 380 12.11 Exercises 380 12.12 Further reading 381 Appendices 382 Appendix A Numerical Constants and Dimensions 382 A.1 Numerical values of some fundamental constants 382 A.2 Dimensions of electromagnetic quantities 383 Appendix B Systems of Units in Electromagnetism 384 B.1 General discussion of units and dimensions 384 B.2 Coulomb's law 385 B.3 Ampère's law 387 Appendix C Review of Vector Calculus 390 C.1 Vectors 390 C.2 Axioms of vector addition and scalar multiplication 392 C.3 Vector multiplication 393 C.4 Vector fields 396 C.5 Integral theorems for vector fields 400 C.6 Useful identities of vector calculus 402 Appendix D Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in Cylindrical and Polar Coordinates 403 D.1 The gradient in curvilinear coordinates 406 D.2 The divergence in curvilinear coordinates 406 D.3 The curl in curvilinear coordinates 407 D.4 Expressions for grad, div, curl in cylindrical and polar coordinates 408 Appendix E Properties of Phasors 411 E.1 Introduction 411 E.2 Application of phasors to circuit analysis 412 Appendix F Properties of the Laguerre Functions 415 F.1 Generating function and recursion relations 415 F.2 Orthogonality and normalisation 416 F.3 Associated Laguerre polynomials 416 Appendix G Properties of the Legendre Functions 419 G.1 Generating function 419 G.2 Recurrence relations 420 G.3 Parity 421 G.4 Orthogonality and normalisation 422 Appendix H Properties of the Hermite Polynomials 424 H.1 Generating function and recurrence relations 424 H.2 Orthogonality and normalisation 425 Index 428 Authors 432