LTE Backhaul : Planning and Optimization

"The aim of this book is to enable network planners to realize and maintain cost efficient LTE backhaul networks, which meet the necessary performance requirements. Through an introduction to the technology background, the economical modelling, the dimensioning theory, planning and optimization processes and relevant network management aspects, the reader shall obtain all relevant information to achieve good backhaul results in their own network environment. It is aimed at network planners and other experts with responsibilities for LTE IP network dimensioning, LTE network planning, providing and managing leased lines, business management, LTE IP network operation and optimization."-- Provided by publisher Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Contents 7 List of Contributors 13 Foreword 15 Acknowledgments 17 List of Abbreviations 19 Chapter 1 Introduction 27 1.1 To the reader 27 1.2 Content 28 1.3 Scope 28 Reference 28 Chapter 2 LTE Backhaul 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 LTE Backhaul Planes 31 2.2.1 3GPP Planes and Protocol Stacks 31 2.2.2 Synchronization Plane 33 2.2.3 Management Plane 35 2.2.4 Active Monitoring Plane 35 2.2.5 Security Control Plane 36 2.2.6 Control and User Plane of Additional Proprietary Applications 36 2.3 Radio Features of LTE and LTE-A 37 2.3.1 LTE 37 2.3.2 LTE-A 38 2.4 Requirements for LTE Backhaul (SLAs) 43 2.4.1 Capacity 43 2.4.2 Latency and Loss 44 2.4.3 QoS Capabilities 47 2.4.4 Synchronization 47 2.4.5 Availability 48 2.4.6 Security 48 2.4.7 Examples 49 2.5 Transport Services 52 2.6 Planning Problems 53 2.7 LTE Backhaul Technologies 55 2.7.1 Access 56 2.7.2 Aggregation and Backbone Network 60 2.8 Small Cell Backhaul 60 2.9 Future Radio Features Affecting Backhaul 61 2.9.1 Inter NodeB CoMP (eCoMP) 61 2.9.2 Dual Connectivity 62 2.9.3 Dynamic eICIC 64 2.10 Related Standards and Industry Forums 65 2.10.1 3GPP 65 2.10.2 ITU-T SG15 66 2.10.3 IEEE 802 66 2.10.4 IETF 66 2.10.5 MEF 66 2.10.6 NGMN 67 2.10.7 BBF 67 2.10.8 SCF 67 2.11 Operator Example 68 References 68 Chapter 3 Economic Modeling and Strategic Input for Lte Backhaul 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.1.1 Role of Backhaul Within Lte 72 3.1.2 Why and What to Model 74 3.2 Strategic Input for Planning 75 3.2.1 Physical infrastructure 75 3.2.2 Transmission media 76 3.2.3 Capacity and interfaces 76 3.2.4 Network technologies 77 3.2.5 Network topology 77 3.2.6 Make or buy 77 3.2.7 Backhaul security aspects 78 3.3 Quantifying benefits 79 3.3.1 Revenue from LTE backhaul 79 3.3.2 Contribution to mobile service revenue 80 3.3.3 Cost savings 80 3.4 Quantifying costs 81 3.4.1 Equipment purchases 81 3.4.2 Economic lifetime 81 3.4.3 Operational costs 82 3.4.4 Other costs 83 3.5 Case router 84 3.5.1 Cash Flow 84 3.5.2 Payback Period 85 3.5.3 Net Present Value (NPV) 87 3.5.4 Selection of the Interest Rate 89 3.5.5 Internal Rate of Return 90 3.5.6 Return on Investment and Further Metrics 90 3.6 Wireless Backhaul Case Study 92 3.6.1 Case Definition 92 3.6.2 Payback Period 94 3.6.3 NPV 95 Chapter 4 Dimensioning Aspects and Analytical Models of LTE MBH Networks 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Dimensioning Paradigm 102 4.3 Applications and QoE: Considerations 104 4.3.1 Transmission Control Protocol 105 4.3.2 Web Browsing 109 4.3.3 Video Download 111 4.4 Dimensioning Requirements 113 4.5 Traffic Models 114 4.5.1 Peak Load or Busy Hour Load 118 4.5.2 Geographic Diversity and Daily Load Profile/Distribution 119 4.5.3 Session Level User Behavior 121 4.5.4 Burst Level User Behavior 125 4.5.5 Packet Level Behavior 128 4.5.6 Transmission Control Protocol Models 132 4.6 Network models 138 4.6.1 Queuing methods 139 4.6.2 Fluid Network Models 143 4.6.3 Network model 144 4.6.4 Routing and Requirement Allocations 145 4.7 Dimensioning 148 4.7.1 QoS-driven dimensioning 148 4.7.2 Reliability Requirement Based Dimensioning 150 References 153 Chapter 5 Planning and Optimizing Mobile Backhaul for LTE 155 5.1 Introduction 155 5.1.1 Planning and Optimization Process 156 5.1.2 High-Level Design Overview 157 5.2 Backhaul Network Deployment Scenarios 158 5.2.1 Connectivity Requirements 158 5.2.2 Differences Between Ethernet and IP Connectivity 159 5.2.3 Implications to Backhaul Scenarios 160 5.2.4 Ethernet Services 160 5.2.5 L3 VPN Service 162 5.2.6 Scenario 1: IP Access 163 5.2.7 Scenario 2: Ethernet Service in the Access 163 5.3 Network Topology and Transport Media 164 5.3.1 Access Network Topologies and Media 164 5.3.2 Aggregation Network Topologies 165 5.4 Availability and Resiliency Schemes 165 5.4.1 Availability Calculation 166 5.4.2 Link Resiliency and its Impact on Availability 167 5.4.3 Routing Gateway Redundancy 170 5.4.4 Ethernet Ring Protection (ERP) 173 5.4.5 IP and MPLS Rerouting 174 5.4.6 SCTP Multi-Homing 175 5.4.7 Connectivity Toward Multiple S-GWs and MMEs 175 5.4.8 Synchronization Protection 176 5.4.9 OSS Resiliency 176 5.4.10 End-to-End Performance of Multilayer Redundancy 177 5.5 QoS Planning 178 5.5.1 QoS in an Access Transport Node 178 5.5.2 Packet Classification 179 5.6 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning 189 5.7 Dimensioning Other Traffic Types 213 5.7.1 Management Traffic 213 5.7.2 Synchronization Traffic 213 5.7.3 Other Traffic Types 214 5.8 Base Station Site Solutions 214 5.9 Security Solutions 215 5.9.1 Network Element Hardening 216 5.9.2 Network Security High-Level Architecture 216 5.9.3 Security Gateway High Availability 218 5.9.4 IPsec Parameter Planning 222 5.9.5 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 227 5.9.6 Self-Organizing Networks (SONs) and Security 229 5.10 IP Planning 229 5.10.1 IP Addressing Alternatives for eNB 230 5.10.2 VLAN Planning 232 5.10.3 IP Addressing 234 5.10.4 Dynamic Versus Static Routing 237 5.10.5 Examples 237 5.11 Synchronization Planning 240 5.11.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 241 5.11.2 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) 241 5.11.3 IEEE1588 (2008) Frequency Synchronization 244 5.12 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) and Management System Connectivity 252 5.12.1 Planning for SON 252 5.12.2 Data Communications Network (DCN) Planning for Transport Network and the Base Stations 253 5.13 LTE Backhaul Optimization 253 5.13.1 Introduction to LTE Backhaul Optimization 253 5.13.2 Proactive Methods 254 5.13.4 Active vs. Passive Methods 258 References 262 Chapter 6 Design Examples 265 6.1 Introduction 265 6.2 Scenario #1: Microwave 265 6.2.1 Synchronization 266 6.2.2 IP Planning 268 6.2.3 Availability 271 6.3 Scenario #2: Leased Line 280 6.3.1 Assumptions for the Use Case 280 6.3.2 Comparing Transport Providers 280 6.3.3 The Solution Summary 284 Reference 284 Chapter 7 Network Management 285 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 NMS Architecture 286 7.3 Fault Management 288 7.4 Performance Management 289 7.5 Configuration Management (CM) 289 7.5.1 Maintaining an Up-to-Date Picture of the Network 290 7.5.2 Configuration History 290 7.5.3 Configuring Network 291 7.5.4 Policy-Based Configuration Management 291 7.5.5 Planning Interfaces 292 7.5.6 Network Configuration Discovery 293 7.5.7 Configuration Management of Backhaul Network 293 7.6 Optimization 294 7.7 Self-Organizing Network (SON) 296 7.8 O&M Protocols 298 7.8.1 SNMP 299 7.8.2 NETCONF 301 7.9 Planning of Network Management System 301 7.9.1 Strategic Planning 302 7.9.2 Analysis 302 7.9.3 Design 303 7.9.4 Implementation 304 7.9.5 Maintenance 304 References 304 Chapter 8 Summary 305 Index 307 EULA 311