Mastering STM32

Table of Contents......Page 4 Why Did I Write the Book?......Page 20 Who Is This Book For?......Page 21 How to Integrate This Book?......Page 22 How Is the Book Organized?......Page 23 About the Author......Page 26 Book Support......Page 27 Credits......Page 28 Acknowledgments......Page 29 I Introduction......Page 30 Introduction to ARM Based Processors......Page 31 Core Registers......Page 33 Memory Map......Page 36 Bit-Banding......Page 38 Thumb-2 and Memory Alignment......Page 41 Pipeline......Page 42 Interrupts and Exceptions Handling......Page 44 Power Modes......Page 46 CMSIS......Page 48 Effective Implementation of Cortex-M Features in the STM32 Portfolio......Page 49 Introduction to STM32 Microcontrollers......Page 50 Advantages of the STM32 Portfolio….......Page 51 ….And Its Drawbacks......Page 52 A Quick Look at the STM32 Subfamilies......Page 53 F0......Page 56 F1......Page 57 F2......Page 58 F3......Page 60 F4......Page 62 F7......Page 63 H7......Page 64 L0......Page 65 L1......Page 66 L4......Page 68 L4+......Page 69 STM32WB......Page 71 How to Select the Right MCU for You?......Page 72 The Nucleo Development Board......Page 75 Setting-Up the Tool-Chain......Page 81 Why Choose Eclipse/GCC as Tool-Chain for STM32......Page 82 … and GCC......Page 83 Windows - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 84 Windows - Eclipse Installation......Page 85 Windows - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 86 Windows - GCC ARM Embedded Installation......Page 92 Windows – OpenOCD Installation......Page 93 Windows – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 94 Linux - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 95 Linux - Eclipse Installation......Page 96 Linux - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 98 Linux – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 104 Linux – OpenOCD Installation......Page 105 Linux - ST Tools Installation......Page 107 Mac - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 109 Mac - Eclipse Installation......Page 110 Mac - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 112 Mac - GCC ARM Embedded Installation......Page 117 Mac – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 118 Mac – OpenOCD Installation......Page 119 Mac - ST Tools Installation......Page 121 Get in Touch With the Eclipse IDE......Page 123 Create a Project......Page 127 Connecting the Nucleo to the PC......Page 134 Flashing the Nucleo using STM32CubeProgrammer......Page 135 Understanding the Generated Code......Page 136 Introduction to CubeMX Tool......Page 139 Chip View......Page 143 IP Tree Pane......Page 145 Clock View......Page 147 Configuration View......Page 148 Power Consumption Calculator View......Page 149 Generate C Project with CubeMX......Page 150 Understanding Generated Code......Page 152 Create Eclipse Project......Page 154 Importing Generated Files Into the Eclipse Project Manually......Page 157 Importing Files Generated With CubeMX Into the Eclipse Project Automatically......Page 162 Understanding Generated Application Code......Page 163 Add Something Useful to the Firmware......Page 168 Downloading Book Source Code Examples......Page 169 Getting Started With OpenOCD......Page 173 Launching OpenOCD......Page 174 Launching OpenOCD on Windows......Page 175 Launching OpenOCD on Linux and MacOS X.......Page 176 Connecting to the OpenOCD Telnet Console......Page 178 Configuring Eclipse......Page 179 Debugging in Eclipse......Page 185 Enable Semihosting on a New Project......Page 190 Using Semihosting With C Standard Library......Page 193 Enable Semihosting on an Existing Project......Page 196 Understanding How Semihosting Works......Page 197 II Diving into the HAL......Page 202 STM32 Peripherals Mapping and HAL Handlers......Page 203 GPIOs Configuration......Page 208 GPIO Mode......Page 210 GPIO Alternate Function......Page 212 Understanding GPIO Speed......Page 213 Driving a GPIO......Page 216 De-initialize a GPIO......Page 217 NVIC Controller......Page 219 Vector Table in STM32......Page 220 Enabling Interrupts......Page 223 External Lines and NVIC......Page 224 Enabling Interrupts With CubeMX......Page 228 Interrupt Lifecycle......Page 230 Cortex-M0/0+......Page 234 Cortex-M3/4/7......Page 238 Interrupt Re-Entrancy......Page 245 Mask All Interrupts at Once or an a Priority Basis......Page 247 Introduction to UARTs and USARTs......Page 250 UART Initialization......Page 254 UART Configuration Using CubeMX......Page 261 UART Communication in Polling Mode......Page 262 Installing a Serial Console in Windows......Page 266 Installing a Serial Console in Linux and MacOS X......Page 268 UART Communication in Interrupt Mode......Page 270 UART Related Interrupts......Page 271 Error Management......Page 278 I/O Retargeting......Page 279 Introduction to DMA......Page 283 The Need of a DMA and the Role of the Internal Buses......Page 284 The DMA Controller......Page 287 The DMA Implementation in F0/F1/F3/L1 MCUs......Page 288 The DMA Implementation in F2/F4/F7 MCUs......Page 292 The DMA Implementation in L0/L4 MCUs......Page 295 DMA_HandleTypeDef in F0/F1/F3/L0/L1/L4 HALs......Page 296 DMA_HandleTypeDef in F2/F4/F7 HALs......Page 298 How to Perform Transfers in Polling Mode......Page 302 How to Perform Transfers in Interrupt Mode......Page 305 How to Perform Peripheral-To-Peripheral Transfers......Page 307 Using the HAL_UART Module With DMA Mode Transfers......Page 308 Miscellaneous Functions From HAL_DMA and HAL_DMA_Ex Modules......Page 310 Using CubeMX to Configure DMA Requests......Page 311 Correct Memory Allocation of DMA Buffers......Page 312 A Case Study: The DMA Memory-To-Memory Transfer Performance Analysis......Page 313 Clock Distribution......Page 319 Overview of the STM32 Clock Tree......Page 320 The Multispeed Internal RC Oscillator in STM32L Families......Page 324 Configuring Clock Tree Using CubeMX......Page 325 OSC Clock Supply......Page 327 OSC 32kHz Clock Supply......Page 328 Overview of the HAL_RCC Module......Page 329 Compute the Clock Frequency at Run-Time......Page 331 Enabling the Clock Security System......Page 332 HSI Calibration......Page 333 Introduction to Timers......Page 335 Timer Categories in an STM32 MCU......Page 336 Effective Availability of Timers in the STM32 Portfolio......Page 338 Basic Timers......Page 340 Using Timers in Interrupt Mode......Page 343 Time Base Generation in Advanced Timers......Page 345 Using Timers in Polling Mode......Page 346 Using Timers in DMA Mode......Page 347 Using CubeMX to Configure a Basic Timer......Page 349 Time Base Generator With External Clock Sources......Page 350 External Clock Mode 2......Page 352 External Clock Mode 1......Page 356 Using CubeMX to Configure the Source Clock of a General Purpose Timer......Page 360 Master/Slave Synchronization Modes......Page 362 Using CubeMX to Configure the Master/Slave Synchronization......Page 367 Generate Timer-Related Events by Software......Page 368 Counting Modes......Page 370 Input Capture Mode......Page 371 Output Compare Mode......Page 378 Pulse-Width Generation......Page 384 Generating a Sinusoidal Wave Using PWM......Page 387 Using CubeMX to Configure the PWM Mode......Page 392 One Pulse Mode......Page 393 Using CubeMX to Configure the OPM Mode......Page 395 Encoder Mode......Page 396 Other Features Available in General Purpose and Advanced Timers......Page 401 Combined Three-Phase PWM Mode and Other Motor-Control Related Features......Page 402 Preloading of Auto-Reload Register......Page 403 Debugging and Timers......Page 404 SysTick Timer......Page 405 Use Another Timer as System Timebase Source......Page 406 A Case Study: How to Precisely Measure Microseconds With STM32 MCUs......Page 407 Introduction to SAR ADC......Page 413 HAL_ADC Module......Page 418 Single-Channel, Single Conversion Mode......Page 420 Single-Channel, Continuous Conversion Mode......Page 421 Injected Conversion Mode......Page 422 Channel Selection......Page 423 A/D Conversions in Polling Mode......Page 425 A/D Conversions in Interrupt Mode......Page 429 A/D Conversions in DMA Mode......Page 430 Multiple and not Continuous Conversions in DMA Mode......Page 433 Errors Management......Page 434 Timer-Driven Conversions......Page 435 ADC Calibration......Page 438 Using CubeMX to Configure ADC Peripheral......Page 439 Introduction to the DAC Peripheral......Page 442 HAL_DAC Module......Page 444 Driving the DAC Manually......Page 446 Driving the DAC in DMA Mode Using a Timer......Page 448 Triangular Wave Generation......Page 451 Noise Wave Generation......Page 453 Introduction to the I²C specification......Page 454 The I²C Protocol......Page 456 Address Frame......Page 457 Data Frames......Page 458 Combined Transactions......Page 459 Availability of I²C Peripherals in STM32 MCUs......Page 460 HAL_I2C Module......Page 461 Using the I²C Peripheral in Master Mode......Page 465 I/O MEM Operations......Page 473 Combined Transactions......Page 474 Using the I²C Peripheral in Slave Mode......Page 476 Using CubeMX to Configure the I²C Peripheral......Page 482 Introduction to the SPI Specification......Page 484 Clock Polarity and Phase......Page 486 SPI TI Mode......Page 488 Availability of SPI Peripherals in STM32 MCUs......Page 489 HAL_SPI Module......Page 490 Exchanging Messages Using SPI Peripheral......Page 492 Using CubeMX to Configure SPI Peripheral......Page 494 Introduction to CRC Computing......Page 495 CRC Calculation in STM32F1/F2/F4/L1 MCUs......Page 498 CRC Peripheral in STM32F0/F3/F7/L0/L4 MCUs......Page 500 HAL_CRC Module......Page 501 The Independent Watchdog Timer......Page 505 Using the CubeHAL to Program IWDG Timer......Page 506 The System Window Watchdog Timer......Page 507 Using the CubeHAL to Program WWDG Timer......Page 509 Detecting a System Reset Caused by a Watchdog Timer......Page 510 Selecting the Right Watchdog Timer for Your Application......Page 511 Introduction to the RTC Peripheral......Page 512 HAL_RTC Module......Page 514 Setting and Retrieving the Current Date/Time......Page 515 Correct Way to Read Date/Time Values......Page 517 Configuring Alarms......Page 518 Periodic Wakeup Unit......Page 520 RTC Calibration......Page 522 RTC Smooth Calibration......Page 523 Reference Clock Detection......Page 524 Using the Backup SRAM......Page 525 III Advanced topics......Page 527 Power Management in Cortex-M Based MCUs......Page 528 How Cortex-M MCUs Handle Run and Sleep Modes......Page 529 Entering/exiting sleep modes......Page 532 Sleep Modes in Cortex-M Based MCUs......Page 534 Power Sources......Page 535 Power Modes......Page 536 Run Mode......Page 537 Dynamic Voltage Scaling in STM32F4/F7 MCUs......Page 538 Sleep Mode......Page 539 Stop Mode......Page 540 Low-Power Modes Example......Page 541 An Important Warning for STM32F1 Microcontrollers......Page 545 Power Sources......Page 547 Run Modes......Page 549 Sleep Modes......Page 551 Stop Modes......Page 552 Standby Modes......Page 553 Power Modes Transitions......Page 554 LPUART......Page 555 Power Supply Supervisors......Page 556 Using the CubeMX Power Consumption Calculator......Page 557 A Case Study: Using Watchdog Timers With Low-Power Modes......Page 558 The STM32 Memory Layout Model......Page 560 Understanding Compilation and Linking Processes......Page 562 The Really Minimal STM32 Application......Page 565 ELF Binary File Inspection......Page 569 .data and .bss Sections Initialization......Page 571 A Word About the COMMON Section......Page 577 .rodata Section......Page 579 Stack and Heap Regions......Page 580 Checking the Size of Heap and Stack at Compile-Time......Page 583 Differences With the Tool-Chain Script Files......Page 584 How to Use the CCM Memory......Page 586 Relocating the vector table in CCM Memory......Page 589 How to Use the MPU in Cortex-M0+/3/4/7 Based STM32 MCUs......Page 592 Programming the MPU With the CubeHAL......Page 596 Introduction to STM32 Flash Memory......Page 599 The HAL_FLASH Module......Page 602 Flash Memory Erasing......Page 603 Flash Memory Programming......Page 605 Option Bytes......Page 606 Flash Memory Read Protection......Page 608 Optional OTP and True-EEPROM Memories......Page 610 Flash Read Latency and the ART™ Accelerator......Page 611 The Role of the TCM Memories in STM32F7 MCUs......Page 614 How to Access Flash Memory Through the TCM Interface......Page 619 Using CubeMX to Configure Flash Memory Interface......Page 621 The Cortex-M Unified Memory Layout and the Booting Process......Page 622 Software Physical Remap......Page 623 Vector Table Relocation......Page 624 Running the Firmware From SRAM Using the GNU MCU Eclipse Toolchain......Page 626 Integrated Bootloader......Page 627 Starting the Bootloader From the On-Board Firmware......Page 629 The Booting Sequence in the GNU MCU Eclipse Tool-chain......Page 630 Developing a Custom Bootloader......Page 633 Vector Table Relocation in STM32F0 Microcontrollers......Page 643 How to Use the flasher.py Tool......Page 646 Running FreeRTOS......Page 649 Understanding the Concepts Underlying an RTOS......Page 650 Introduction to FreeRTOS and CMSIS-RTOS Wrapper......Page 656 The FreeRTOS Source Tree......Page 657 How to Import FreeRTOS Manually......Page 658 How to Import FreeRTOS Using CubeMX and CubeMXImporter......Page 659 Thread Management......Page 661 Thread States......Page 664 Thread Priorities and Scheduling Policies......Page 665 Voluntary Release of the Control......Page 668 The idle Thread......Page 669 Memory Allocation and Management......Page 670 Dynamic Memory Allocation Model......Page 671 heap_1.c......Page 672 heap_4.c......Page 673 How to Use malloc() and Related C Functions With FreeRTOS......Page 674 Static Memory Allocation Model......Page 675 Memory Pools......Page 676 Stack Overflow Detection......Page 678 Message Queues......Page 680 Semaphores......Page 684 Resources Management and Mutual Exclusion......Page 687 Mutexes......Page 688 The Priority Inversion Problem......Page 689 Critical Sections......Page 690 Interrupt Management With an RTOS......Page 691 FreeRTOS API and Interrupt Priorities......Page 692 Software Timers......Page 693 A Case Study: Low-Power Management With an RTOS......Page 695 The idle Thread Hook......Page 696 The Tickless Mode in FreeRTOS......Page 697 A Schema for the tickless Mode......Page 699 A Custom tickless Mode Policy......Page 703 configASSERT() Macro......Page 710 Run-Time Statistics and Thread State Information......Page 711 Alternatives to FreeRTOS......Page 714 Contiki OS......Page 715 OpenRTOS......Page 716 Understanding Cortex-M Fault-Related Exceptions......Page 717 The Cortex-M Exception Entrance Sequence and the ARM Calling Convention......Page 719 How the GNU MCU Eclipse Tool-chain Handles Fault-Related Exceptions......Page 723 How to Interpret the Content of the LR Register on Exception Entrance......Page 725 Fault Exceptions and Faults Analysis......Page 726 Bus Fault Exception......Page 727 Usage Fault Exception......Page 728 Hard Fault Exception......Page 729 Fault Analysis in Cortex-M0/0+ Based Processors......Page 730 Expressions......Page 731 Memory Monitors......Page 732 Watchpoints......Page 733 Instruction Stepping Mode......Page 734 Keil Packs and Peripheral Registers View......Page 735 Core Registers View......Page 738 External Debuggers......Page 739 Using SEGGER J-Link for ST-LINK Debugger......Page 741 Using the ITM Interface and SWV Tracing......Page 745 STM Studio......Page 746 Debugging two Nucleo Boards Simultaneously......Page 748 Introduction to FatFs Library......Page 751 Using CubeMX to Include FatFs Library in Your Projects......Page 754 The Generic Disk Interface API......Page 755 The Implementation of a Driver to Access SD Cards in SPI Mode......Page 756 Opening a File......Page 757 Reading From/Writing Into a File......Page 758 Creating and Opening a Directory......Page 759 How to Configure the FatFs Library......Page 762 Develop IoT Applications......Page 764 Solutions Offered by STM to Develop IoT Applications......Page 765 The W5500 Ethernet Controller......Page 767 How to Use the W5500 Shield and the ioLibrary_Driver Module......Page 771 Configuring the SPI Interface......Page 773 Configuring the Socket Buffers and the Network Interface......Page 774 Socket APIs......Page 776 Handling Sockets in TCP Mode......Page 777 Handling Sockets in UDP Mode......Page 778 I/O Retargeting to a TCP/IP Socket......Page 779 Setting up an HTTP Server......Page 781 A Web-Based Oscilloscope......Page 783 Hardware Design......Page 796 PCB Layer Stack-Up......Page 797 MCU Package......Page 798 Decoupling of Power-Supply Pins......Page 799 Clocks......Page 800 Debug Port......Page 802 Boot Mode......Page 804 Pay attention to ``pin-to-pin'' Compatibility…......Page 805 The Role of CubeMX During the Board Design Stage......Page 806 Board Layout Strategies......Page 809 Generating the binary image for production......Page 810 Appendix......Page 813 STM32 96-bit Unique CPU ID......Page 814 Eclipse related issue......Page 816 Eclipse continuously breaks at every instruction during debug session......Page 817 The step-by-step debugging is really slow......Page 818 The microcontroller does not boot correctly......Page 819 It is Not Possibile to Flash or to Debug the MCU......Page 821 C. Nucleo pin-out......Page 822 Morpho headers......Page 823 Morpho headers......Page 824 Morpho headers......Page 825 Morpho headers......Page 826 Morpho headers......Page 827 Morpho headers......Page 828 Morpho headers......Page 829 Morpho headers......Page 830 Morpho headers......Page 831 Morpho headers......Page 832 Morpho headers......Page 833 Morpho headers......Page 834 Morpho headers......Page 835 Morpho headers......Page 836 Morpho headers......Page 837 Morpho headers......Page 838 LQFP......Page 839 UFBGA......Page 840 WLCSP......Page 841 Release 0.2.1 - October 31th, 2015......Page 843 Release 0.5 - December 19th, 2015......Page 844 Release 0.7 - February 8th, 2016......Page 845 Release 0.9.1 - March 28th, 2016......Page 846 Release 0.11 - May 27th, 2016......Page 847 Release 0.14 - August 12th, 2016......Page 848 Release 0.17 - October 24th, 2016......Page 849 Release 0.21 - January 29th, 2017......Page 850 Release 0.24 - December 11th, 2017......Page 851 Release 0.26 - May 7th, 2018......Page 852 Table of Contents......Page 4 Why Did I Write the Book?......Page 20 Who Is This Book For?......Page 21 How to Integrate This Book?......Page 22 How Is the Book Organized?......Page 23 About the Author......Page 26 Book Support......Page 27 Credits......Page 28 Acknowledgments......Page 29 I Introduction......Page 30 Introduction to ARM Based Processors......Page 31 Core Registers......Page 33 Memory Map......Page 36 Bit-Banding......Page 38 Thumb-2 and Memory Alignment......Page 41 Pipeline......Page 42 Interrupts and Exceptions Handling......Page 44 Power Modes......Page 46 CMSIS......Page 48 Effective Implementation of Cortex-M Features in the STM32 Portfolio......Page 49 Introduction to STM32 Microcontrollers......Page 50 Advantages of the STM32 Portfolio..........Page 51 ....And Its Drawbacks......Page 52 A Quick Look at the STM32 Subfamilies......Page 53 F0......Page 56 F1......Page 57 F2......Page 58 F3......Page 60 F4......Page 62 F7......Page 63 H7......Page 64 L0......Page 65 L1......Page 66 L4......Page 68 L4+......Page 69 STM32WB......Page 71 How to Select the Right MCU for You?......Page 72 The Nucleo Development Board......Page 75 Setting-Up the Tool-Chain......Page 81 Why Choose Eclipse/GCC as Tool-Chain for STM32......Page 82 ... and GCC......Page 83 Windows - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 84 Windows - Eclipse Installation......Page 85 Windows - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 86 Windows - GCC ARM Embedded Installation......Page 92 Windows – OpenOCD Installation......Page 93 Windows – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 94 Linux - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 95 Linux - Eclipse Installation......Page 96 Linux - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 98 Linux – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 104 Linux – OpenOCD Installation......Page 105 Linux - ST Tools Installation......Page 107 Mac - Installing the Tool-Chain......Page 109 Mac - Eclipse Installation......Page 110 Mac - Eclipse Plug-Ins Installation......Page 112 Mac - GCC ARM Embedded Installation......Page 117 Mac – ST-LINK Firmware Upgrade......Page 118 Mac – OpenOCD Installation......Page 119 Mac - ST Tools Installation......Page 121 Get in Touch With the Eclipse IDE......Page 123 Create a Project......Page 127 Connecting the Nucleo to the PC......Page 134 Flashing the Nucleo using STM32CubeProgrammer......Page 135 Understanding the Generated Code......Page 136 Introduction to CubeMX Tool......Page 139 Chip View......Page 143 IP Tree Pane......Page 145 Clock View......Page 147 Configuration View......Page 148 Power Consumption Calculator View......Page 149 Generate C Project with CubeMX......Page 150 Understanding Generated Code......Page 152 Create Eclipse Project......Page 154 Importing Generated Files Into the Eclipse Project Manually......Page 157 Importing Files Generated With CubeMX Into the Eclipse Project Automatically......Page 162 Understanding Generated Application Code......Page 163 Add Something Useful to the Firmware......Page 168 Downloading Book Source Code Examples......Page 169 Getting Started With OpenOCD......Page 173 Launching OpenOCD......Page 174 Launching OpenOCD on Windows......Page 175 Launching OpenOCD on Linux and MacOS X.......Page 176 Connecting to the OpenOCD Telnet Console......Page 178 Configuring Eclipse......Page 179 Debugging in Eclipse......Page 185 Enable Semihosting on a New Project......Page 190 Using Semihosting With C Standard Library......Page 193 Enable Semihosting on an Existing Project......Page 196 Understanding How Semihosting Works......Page 197 II Diving into the HAL......Page 202 STM32 Peripherals Mapping and HAL Handlers......Page 203 GPIOs Configuration......Page 208 GPIO Mode......Page 210 GPIO Alternate Function......Page 212 Understanding GPIO Speed......Page 213 Driving a GPIO......Page 216 De-initialize a GPIO......Page 217 NVIC Controller......Page 219 Vector Table in STM32......Page 220 Enabling Interrupts......Page 223 External Lines and NVIC......Page 224 Enabling Interrupts With CubeMX......Page 228 Interrupt Lifecycle......Page 230 Cortex-M0/0+......Page 234 Cortex-M3/4/7......Page 238 Interrupt Re-Entrancy......Page 245 Mask All Interrupts at Once or an a Priority Basis......Page 247 Introduction to UARTs and USARTs......Page 250 UART Initialization......Page 254 UART Configuration Using CubeMX......Page 261 UART Communication in Polling Mode......Page 262 Installing a Serial Console in Windows......Page 266 Installing a Serial Console in Linux and MacOS X......Page 268 UART Communication in Interrupt Mode......Page 270 UART Related Interrupts......Page 271 Error Management......Page 278 I/O Retargeting......Page 279 Introduction to DMA......Page 283 The Need of a DMA and the Role of the Internal Buses......Page 284 The DMA Controller......Page 287 The DMA Implementation in F0/F1/F3/L1 MCUs......Page 288 The DMA Implementation in F2/F4/F7 MCUs......Page 292 The DMA Implementation in L0/L4 MCUs......Page 295 DMA_HandleTypeDef in F0/F1/F3/L0/L1/L4 HALs......Page 296 DMA_HandleTypeDef in F2/F4/F7 HALs......Page 298 How to Perform Transfers in Polling Mode......Page 302 How to Perform Transfers in Interrupt Mode......Page 305 How to Perform Peripheral-To-Peripheral Transfers......Page 307 Using the HAL_UART Module With DMA Mode Transfers......Page 308 Miscellaneous Functions From HAL_DMA and HAL_DMA_Ex Modules......Page 310 Using CubeMX to Configure DMA Requests......Page 311 Correct Memory Allocation of DMA Buffers......Page 312 A Case Study: The DMA Memory-To-Memory Transfer Performance Analysis......Page 313 Clock Distribution......Page 319 Overview of the STM32 Clock Tree......Page 320 The Multispeed Internal RC Oscillator in STM32L Families......Page 324 Configuring Clock Tree Using CubeMX......Page 325 OSC Clock Supply......Page 327 OSC 32kHz Clock Supply......Page 328 Overview of the HAL_RCC Module......Page 329 Compute the Clock Frequency at Run-Time......Page 331 Enabling the Clock Security System......Page 332 HSI Calibration......Page 333 Introduction to Timers......Page 335 Timer Categories in an STM32 MCU......Page 336 Effective Availability of Timers in the STM32 Portfolio......Page 338 Basic Timers......Page 340 Using Timers in Interrupt Mode......Page 343 Time Base Generation in Advanced Timers......Page 345 Using Timers in Polling Mode......Page 346 Using Timers in DMA Mode......Page 347 Using CubeMX to Configure a Basic Timer......Page 349 Time Base Generator With External Clock Sources......Page 350 External Clock Mode 2......Page 352 External Clock Mode 1......Page 356 Using CubeMX to Configure the Source Clock of a General Purpose Timer......Page 360 Master/Slave Synchronization Modes......Page 362 Using CubeMX to Configure the Master/Slave Synchronization......Page 367 Generate Timer-Related Events by Software......Page 368 Counting Modes......Page 370 Input Capture Mode......Page 371 Output Compare Mode......Page 378 Pulse-Width Generation......Page 384 Generating a Sinusoidal Wave Using PWM......Page 387 Using CubeMX to Configure the PWM Mode......Page 392 One Pulse Mode......Page 393 Using CubeMX to Configure the OPM Mode......Page 395 Encoder Mode......Page 396 Other Features Available in General Purpose and Advanced Timers......Page 401 Combined Three-Phase PWM Mode and Other Motor-Control Related Features......Page 402 Preloading of Auto-Reload Register......Page 403 Debugging and Timers......Page 404 SysTick Timer......Page 405 Use Another Timer as System Timebase Source......Page 406 A Case Study: How to Precisely Measure Microseconds With STM32 MCUs......Page 407 Introduction to SAR ADC......Page 413 HAL_ADC Module......Page 418 Single-Channel, Single Conversion Mode......Page 420 Single-Channel, Continuous Conversion Mode......Page 421 Injected Conversion Mode......Page 422 Channel Selection......Page 423 A/D Conversions in Polling Mode......Page 425 A/D Conversions in Interrupt Mode......Page 429 A/D Conversions in DMA Mode......Page 430 Multiple and not Continuous Conversions in DMA Mode......Page 433 Errors Management......Page 434 Timer-Driven Conversions......Page 435 ADC Calibration......Page 438 Using CubeMX to Configure ADC Peripheral......Page 439 Introduction to the DAC Peripheral......Page 442 HAL_DAC Module......Page 444 Driving the DAC Manually......Page 446 Driving the DAC in DMA Mode Using a Timer......Page 448 Triangular Wave Generation......Page 451 Noise Wave Generation......Page 453 Introduction to the I2C specification......Page 454 The I2C Protocol......Page 456 Address Frame......Page 457 Data Frames......Page 458 Combined Transactions......Page 459 Availability of I2C Peripherals in STM32 MCUs......Page 460 HAL_I2C Module......Page 461 Using the I2C Peripheral in Master Mode......Page 465 I/O MEM Operations......Page 473 Combined Transactions......Page 474 Using the I2C Peripheral in Slave Mode......Page 476 Using CubeMX to Configure the I2C Peripheral......Page 482 Introduction to the SPI Specification......Page 484 Clock Polarity and Phase......Page 486 SPI TI Mode......Page 488 Availability of SPI Peripherals in STM32 MCUs......Page 489 HAL_SPI Module......Page 490 Exchanging Messages Using SPI Peripheral......Page 492 Using CubeMX to Configure SPI Peripheral......Page 494 Introduction to CRC Computing......Page 495 CRC Calculation in STM32F1/F2/F4/L1 MCUs......Page 498 CRC Peripheral in STM32F0/F3/F7/L0/L4 MCUs......Page 500 HAL_CRC Module......Page 501 The Independent Watchdog Timer......Page 505 Using the CubeHAL to Program IWDG Timer......Page 506 The System Window Watchdog Timer......Page 507 Using the CubeHAL to Program WWDG Timer......Page 509 Detecting a System Reset Caused by a Watchdog Timer......Page 510 Selecting the Right Watchdog Timer for Your Application......Page 511 Introduction to the RTC Peripheral......Page 512 HAL_RTC Module......Page 514 Setting and Retrieving the Current Date/Time......Page 515 Correct Way to Read Date/Time Values......Page 517 Configuring Alarms......Page 518 Periodic Wakeup Unit......Page 520 RTC Calibration......Page 522 RTC Smooth Calibration......Page 523 Reference Clock Detection......Page 524 Using the Backup SRAM......Page 525 III Advanced topics......Page 527 Power Management in Cortex-M Based MCUs......Page 528 How Cortex-M MCUs Handle Run and Sleep Modes......Page 529 Entering/exiting sleep modes......Page 532 Sleep Modes in Cortex-M Based MCUs......Page 534 Power Sources......Page 535 Power Modes......Page 536 Run Mode......Page 537 Dynamic Voltage Scaling in STM32F4/F7 MCUs......Page 538 Sleep Mode......Page 539 Stop Mode......Page 540 Low-Power Modes Example......Page 541 An Important Warning for STM32F1 Microcontrollers......Page 545 Power Sources......Page 547 Run Modes......Page 549 Sleep Modes......Page 551 Stop Modes......Page 552 Standby Modes......Page 553 Power Modes Transitions......Page 554 LPUART......Page 555 Power Supply Supervisors......Page 556 Using the CubeMX Power Consumption Calculator......Page 557 A Case Study: Using Watchdog Timers With Low-Power Modes......Page 558 The STM32 Memory Layout Model......Page 560 Understanding Compilation and Linking Processes......Page 562 The Really Minimal STM32 Application......Page 565 ELF Binary File Inspection......Page 569 .data and .bss Sections Initialization......Page 571 A Word About the COMMON Section......Page 577 .rodata Section......Page 579 Stack and Heap Regions......Page 580 Checking the Size of Heap and Stack at Compile-Time......Page 583 Differences With the Tool-Chain Script Files......Page 584 How to Use the CCM Memory......Page 586 Relocating the vector table in CCM Memory......Page 589 How to Use the MPU in Cortex-M0+/3/4/7 Based STM32 MCUs......Page 592 Programming the MPU With the CubeHAL......Page 596 Introduction to STM32 Flash Memory......Page 599 The HAL_FLASH Module......Page 602 Flash Memory Erasing......Page 603 Flash Memory Programming......Page 605 Option Bytes......Page 606 Flash Memory Read Protection......Page 608 Optional OTP and True-EEPROM Memories......Page 610 Flash Read Latency and the ARTTM Accelerator......Page 611 The Role of the TCM Memories in STM32F7 MCUs......Page 614 How to Access Flash Memory Through the TCM Interface......Page 619 Using CubeMX to Configure Flash Memory Interface......Page 621 The Cortex-M Unified Memory Layout and the Booting Process......Page 622 Software Physical Remap......Page 623 Vector Table Relocation......Page 624 Running the Firmware From SRAM Using the GNU MCU Eclipse Toolchain......Page 626 Integrated Bootloader......Page 627 Starting the Bootloader From the On-Board Firmware......Page 629 The Booting Sequence in the GNU MCU Eclipse Tool-chain......Page 630 Developing a Custom Bootloader......Page 633 Vector Table Relocation in STM32F0 Microcontrollers......Page 643 How to Use the flasher.py Tool......Page 646 Running FreeRTOS......Page 649 Understanding the Concepts Underlying an RTOS......Page 650 Introduction to FreeRTOS and CMSIS-RTOS Wrapper......Page 656 The FreeRTOS Source Tree......Page 657 How to Import FreeRTOS Manually......Page 658 How to Import FreeRTOS Using CubeMX and CubeMXImporter......Page 659 Thread Management......Page 661 Thread States......Page 664 Thread Priorities and Scheduling Policies......Page 665 Voluntary Release of the Control......Page 668 The idle Thread......Page 669 Memory Allocation and Management......Page 670 Dynamic Memory Allocation Model......Page 671 heap_1.c......Page 672 heap_4.c......Page 673 How to Use malloc() and Related C Functions With FreeRTOS......Page 674 Static Memory Allocation Model......Page 675 Memory Pools......Page 676 Stack Overflow Detection......Page 678 Message Queues......Page 680 Semaphores......Page 684 Resources Management and Mutual Exclusion......Page 687 Mutexes......Page 688 The Priority Inversion Problem......Page 689 Critical Sections......Page 690 Interrupt Management With an RTOS......Page 691 FreeRTOS API and Interrupt Priorities......Page 692 Software Timers......Page 693 A Case Study: Low-Power Management With an RTOS......Page 695 The idle Thread Hook......Page 696 The Tickless Mode in FreeRTOS......Page 697 A Schema for the tickless Mode......Page 699 A Custom tickless Mode Policy......Page 703 configASSERT() Macro......Page 710 Run-Time Statistics and Thread State Information......Page 711 Alternatives to FreeRTOS......Page 714 Contiki OS......Page 715 OpenRTOS......Page 716 Understanding Cortex-M Fault-Related Exceptions......Page 717 The Cortex-M Exception Entrance Sequence and the ARM Calling Convention......Page 719 How the GNU MCU Eclipse Tool-chain Handles Fault-Related Exceptions......Page 723 How to Interpret the Content of the LR Register on Exception Entrance......Page 725 Fault Exceptions and Faults Analysis......Page 726 Bus Fault Exception......Page 727 Usage Fault Exception......Page 728 Hard Fault Exception......Page 729 Fault Analysis in Cortex-M0/0+ Based Processors......Page 730 Expressions......Page 731 Memory Monitors......Page 732 Watchpoints......Page 733 Instruction Stepping Mode......Page 734 Keil Packs and Peripheral Registers View......Page 735 Core Registers View......Page 738 External Debuggers......Page 739 Using SEGGER J-Link for ST-LINK Debugger......Page 741 Using the ITM Interface and SWV Tracing......Page 745 STM Studio......Page 746 Debugging two Nucleo Boards Simultaneously......Page 748 Introduction to FatFs Library......Page 751 Using CubeMX to Include FatFs Library in Your Projects......Page 754 The Generic Disk Interface API......Page 755 The Implementation of a Driver to Access SD Cards in SPI Mode......Page 756 Opening a File......Page 757 Reading From/Writing Into a File......Page 758 Creating and Opening a Directory......Page 759 How to Configure the FatFs Library......Page 762 Develop IoT Applications......Page 764 Solutions Offered by STM to Develop IoT Applications......Page 765 The W5500 Ethernet Controller......Page 767 How to Use the W5500 Shield and the ioLibrary_Driver Module......Page 771 Configuring the SPI Interface......Page 773 Configuring the Socket Buffers and the Network Interface......Page 774 Socket APIs......Page 776 Handling Sockets in TCP Mode......Page 777 Handling Sockets in UDP Mode......Page 778 I/O Retargeting to a TCP/IP Socket......Page 779 Setting up an HTTP Server......Page 781 A Web-Based Oscilloscope......Page 783 Hardware Design......Page 796 PCB Layer Stack-Up......Page 797 MCU Package......Page 798 Decoupling of Power-Supply Pins......Page 799 Clocks......Page 800 Debug Port......Page 802 Boot Mode......Page 804 Pay attention to ``pin-to-pin'' Compatibility.........Page 805 The Role of CubeMX During the Board Design Stage......Page 806 Board Layout Strategies......Page 809 Generating the binary image for production......Page 810 Appendix......Page 813 STM32 96-bit Unique CPU ID......Page 814 Eclipse related issue......Page 816 Eclipse continuously breaks at every instruction during debug session......Page 817 The step-by-step debugging is really slow......Page 818 The microcontroller does not boot correctly......Page 819 It is Not Possibile to Flash or to Debug the MCU......Page 821 C. Nucleo pin-out......Page 822 Morpho headers......Page 823 Morpho headers......Page 824 Morpho headers......Page 825 Morpho headers......Page 826 Morpho headers......Page 827 Morpho headers......Page 828 Morpho headers......Page 829 Morpho headers......Page 830 Morpho headers......Page 831 Morpho headers......Page 832 Morpho headers......Page 833 Morpho headers......Page 834 Morpho headers......Page 835 Morpho headers......Page 836 Morpho headers......Page 837 Morpho headers......Page 838 LQFP......Page 839 UFBGA......Page 840 WLCSP......Page 841 Release 0.2.1 - October 31th, 2015......Page 843 Release 0.5 - December 19th, 2015......Page 844 Release 0.7 - February 8th, 2016......Page 845 Release 0.9.1 - March 28th, 2016......Page 846 Release 0.11 - May 27th, 2016......Page 847 Release 0.14 - August 12th, 2016......Page 848 Release 0.17 - October 24th, 2016......Page 849 Release 0.21 - January 29th, 2017......Page 850 Release 0.24 - December 11th, 2017......Page 851 Release 0.26 - May 7th, 2018......Page 852