Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

The book focuses on the materials science related to energy conversion and energy storage technologies. It covers the principles of the prospective energy technologies and their relationship to the performance of the energy devices. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction: Energy and Materials 1.1 Energy Issue 1.2 Energy Transition 1.3 Energy Conversion 1.4 Materials and Energy 1.5 Trends in Materials Research 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Photovoltaic: Fundamental of Energy Conversion 2.1 Introduction and Brief History 2.2 Basic Characteristics and Characterization of Photovoltaics 2.3 Photocurrent Generation and Photovoltage 2.4 Charge Separation, Recombination, and Efficiency 2.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 3 Photovoltaic: Graphene Materials and Their Effects in Perovskite Solar Cells 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Crystalline Si‐Based Photovoltaic 3.3 III–V Semiconductors Multijunction‐Based Photovoltaic 3.4 Thin‐Film Photovoltaic 3.5 Nanocomposite Solar Cells 3.5.1 Perovskites Solar Cells (PSCs) 3.5.2 Structure of PSCs 3.5.3 Working Principle of PSCs 3.5.4 Electron Transport Layer (ETL) 3.6 Graphene 3.6.1 Physical/Mechanical Properties of Graphene 3.6.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene 3.6.3 Graphene‐Based Electron Transport Layer 3.6.4 Defects of Graphene 3.6.5 Type of Defects in Graphene 3.6.6 Solution for Graphene Defects 3.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 4 Fuel Cells: Fundamental and Applications 4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell 4.2 Principles of Fuel Cell Operation 4.2.1 Mechanism of PEMFCs 4.2.2 Thermodynamics Principles of PEMFCs 4.3 Category of Fuel Cells 4.3.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 4.3.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 4.3.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 4.3.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) 4.3.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 4.3.6 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 4.3.7 Biofuel Cells 4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of PEMFCs 4.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 4.5.1 Stationary Power Generation Plants 4.5.2 Automotive Industry 4.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 5 Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells Application 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Development of Electrolytes 5.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes 5.2.2 Solid Electrolytes 5.2.3 Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes 5.2.4 General Requirements of Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices Applications 5.3 Description of Ionic Conduction 5.3.1 Mechanism of Ionic Conduction 5.3.2 Requirements of Ionic Conductivity 5.3.3 Governing Parameters of Ionic Conduction 5.3.4 Methods of Enhancing Ionic Conduction Mechanism 5.4 Future Aspects 5.4.1 Liquid Crystal Polymer Electrolytes (LCPEs) 5.4.2 Liquid Crystals-Embedded Polymer Electrolytes 5.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 6 Next‐Generation Supercapacitors with Sustainably Processed Carbon Quantum Dots 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General Characteristics of Supercapacitors and EDLCs 6.3 Working Principle and Classification of Supercapacitors 6.3.1 Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 6.3.2 Pseudocapacitors 6.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors 6.4 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) 6.4.1 Properties of CQDs 6.4.2 Synthesis of CQDs 6.4.3 Synthesis of CQDs from Biomass Wastes 6.5 Application of “Green” CQDs in Supercapacitors 6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 7 Tin‐Based Anodes for Next‐Generation Lithium‐Ion Batteries 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Tin‐Based Alloys 7.2.1 Tin‐Based Oxides 7.2.2 Tin (II) Oxide (SnO) 7.2.3 Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO[sub(2)]) 7.2.4 SnO[sub(2)] Nanowires 7.2.5 SnO[sub(2)] Nanorods 7.2.6 SnO[sub(2)] Nanotubes 7.2.7 SnO[sub(2)] Nanosheets 7.2.8 SnO[sub(2)]/Carbon Composites 7.3 Ternary Tin Oxides 7.3.1 Lithium Tin Oxide or Lithium Stannate (Li[sub(2)]SnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.2 Calcium Metastannate (CaSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.3 Strontium Metastannate (SrSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.4 Barium Metastannate (BaSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.5 Cobalt Metastannate (CoSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.6 Cadmium Metastannate (CdSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.7 Zinc Metastannate (ZnSnO[sub(3)]) 7.3.8 Zinc Stannate (Zn[sub(2)]SnO[sub(4)]) 7.4 Other Stannates 7.5 Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter 8 Sustainable Materials for Energy Conversion System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Energy Conversion and Storage Systems 8.2.1 Solar Energy 8.2.2 Bioenergy Technologies 8.2.3 Ocean Energy Technology 8.3 Life Cycle Analysis 8.3.1 Life Cycle Analysis of Batteries 8.3.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Solar Cells 8.4 Recycling as Sustainable Usage of Materials 8.4.1 Acquisition, Preliminary Processing, and Finishing Off 8.4.2 Leveraging the Recycling Process 8.4.3 Future Recycling Concerns to Be Addressed 8.5 New Options of Sustainable Usage in Energy Conversion 8.5.1 Fuel Cells: The Conversion of Hydrogen 8.5.2 Battery Rechargeables 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Index Development of new energy‐related materials is essential in addressing future energy demands. Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage focuses on the materials science related to energy conversion and energy storage technologies. It covers the principles of prospective energy technologies and their relationship to the performance of energy devices.• Covers fundamental principles of energy conversion and storage• Discusses materials selection, design, and performance tradeoffs• Details electrochemical cell construction and testing methodologies• Explores sustainable development of energy devices• Features case studiesAimed at readers in materials, electrical, and energy engineering, this book provides readers with a deep understanding of the role of materials in developing sustainable energy devices.