Matter and Interactions Vol1&2

Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition offers a modern curriculum for introductory physics (calculus-based). It presents physics the way practicing physicists view their discipline while integrating 20th Century physics and computational physics. The text emphasizes the small number of fundamental principles that underlie the behavior of matter, and models that can explain and predict a wide variety of physical phenomena. Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition will be available as a single volume hardcover text and also two paperback volumes. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Brief Contents......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 11 1.1 Kinds of Matter......Page 19 1.2 Detecting Interactions......Page 22 1.3 Newton's First Law of Motion......Page 24 1.4 Describing the 3D World: Vectors......Page 26 1.5 SI Units......Page 35 1.6 Speed and Velocity......Page 36 1.7 Predicting a New Position......Page 38 1.8 Momentum......Page 42 1.9 Using Momentum to Update Position......Page 45 1.10 Momentum at High Speeds......Page 46 1.11 Computational Modeling......Page 49 1.12 *The Principle of Relativity......Page 51 1.13 *Updating Position at High Speed......Page 54 Summary......Page 55 Questions......Page 56 Problems......Page 57 Computational Problems......Page 60 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 62 2.1 The Momentum Principle......Page 63 2.2 Large Forces and Short Times......Page 68 2.3 Predicting the Future......Page 73 2.4 Iterative Prediction: Constant Net Force......Page 75 2.5 Analytical Prediction: Constant Net Force......Page 78 2.6 Iterative Prediction: Varying Net Force......Page 83 2.7 Iterative Calculations on a Computer......Page 90 2.8 *Derivation: Special-Case Average Velocity......Page 93 2.9 *Relativistic Motion......Page 95 2.10 *Measurements and Units......Page 97 Questions......Page 99 Problems......Page 100 Computational Problems......Page 104 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 105 3.1 The Fundamental Interactions......Page 106 3.2 The Gravitational Force......Page 107 3.3 Approximate Gravitational Force Near the Earth's Surface......Page 111 3.4 Reciprocity......Page 113 3.5 Predicting Motion of Gravitationally Interacting Objects......Page 114 3.6 Gravitational Force in Computational Models......Page 118 3.7 The Electric Force......Page 120 3.8 The Strong Interaction......Page 122 3.9 The Weak Interaction......Page 124 3.10 Conservation of Momentum......Page 125 3.11 The Multiparticle Momentum Principle......Page 128 3.12 Collisions: Negligible External Forces......Page 131 3.13 Newton and Einstein......Page 134 3.14 Predicting the Future of Complex Systems......Page 135 3.15 Determinism......Page 137 3.16 Points and Spheres......Page 139 Summary......Page 140 Problems......Page 141 Computational Problems......Page 146 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 147 4.1 Beyond Point Particles......Page 148 4.2 The Ball–Spring Model of a Solid......Page 149 4.3 Tension Forces......Page 150 4.4 Length of an Interatomic Bond......Page 151 4.5 The Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond......Page 153 4.6 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus......Page 156 4.8 Friction......Page 159 4.9 Speed of Sound in a Solid and Interatomic Bond Stiffness......Page 162 4.10 Derivative Form of the Momentum Principle......Page 164 4.11 Analytical Solution: Spring–Mass System......Page 166 4.12 Analytical vs. Iterative Solutions......Page 170 4.13 Analytical Expression for Speed of Sound......Page 172 4.14 Contact Forces Due to Gases......Page 174 4.15 *Acceleration......Page 178 4.17 *General Solution for the Mass–Spring System......Page 179 Summary......Page 181 Questions......Page 182 Problems......Page 184 Computational Problems......Page 188 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 190 5.2 Identifying all Forces......Page 191 5.3 Determining Unknown Forces......Page 192 5.4 Uniform Motion......Page 194 5.5 Changing Momentum......Page 202 5.6 Force and Curving Motion......Page 203 5.7 dp/dt for Curving Motion......Page 208 5.8 Unknown Forces: Curving Motion......Page 213 5.9 Kinesthetic Sensations......Page 218 5.10 More Complex Problems......Page 220 Summary......Page 223 Problems......Page 224 Computational Problems......Page 231 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 232 6.1 The Energy Principle......Page 233 6.2 Energy of a Single Particle......Page 234 6.3 Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer......Page 239 6.4 Work and Energy......Page 245 6.5 Change of Rest Energy......Page 249 6.6 Proof of the Energy Principle for a Particle......Page 252 6.7 Potential Energy in Multiparticle Systems......Page 253 6.8 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 258 6.9 Electric Potential Energy......Page 267 6.10 Plotting Energy vs. Separation......Page 268 6.11 General Properties of Potential Energy......Page 273 6.12 The Mass of a Multiparticle System......Page 276 6.13 Reflection: Why Energy?......Page 281 6.14 Identifying Initial and Final States......Page 282 6.15 Energy in Computational Models......Page 286 6.16 *A Puzzle......Page 287 6.17 *Gradient of Potential Energy......Page 288 6.18 *Integrals and Antiderivatives......Page 289 6.19 *Approximation for Kinetic Energy......Page 290 6.20 *Finding the Expression for Particle Energy......Page 291 Summary......Page 292 Questions......Page 293 Problems......Page 294 Computational Problems......Page 300 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 301 7.2 Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs......Page 302 7.3 Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms......Page 308 7.4 Internal Energy......Page 310 7.5 Energy Transfer Due to a Temperature Difference......Page 315 7.7 Open and Closed Systems......Page 318 7.8 The Choice of System Affects Energy Accounting......Page 320 7.9 The Choice of Reference Frame Affects Energy Accounting......Page 322 7.10 Energy Dissipation......Page 324 7.11 Energy Dissipation in Computational Models......Page 330 7.12 *Resonance......Page 332 Summary......Page 333 Questions......Page 334 Problems......Page 335 Computational Problems......Page 338 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 339 8.1 Photons......Page 341 8.2 Electronic Energy Levels......Page 342 8.3 The Effect of Temperature......Page 352 8.4 Vibrational Energy Levels......Page 353 8.5 Rotational Energy Levels......Page 356 8.7 Comparison of Energy-Level Spacings......Page 357 8.9 *Case Study: How a Laser Works......Page 358 8.10 *Wavelength of Light......Page 360 Questions......Page 361 Problems......Page 362 Computational Problems......Page 364 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 366 9.1 Separation of Multiparticle System Energy......Page 367 9.2 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 371 9.3 Comparing Two Models of a System......Page 377 9.4 Modeling Friction in Detail......Page 386 9.5 *Derivation: Kinetic Energy of a Multiparticle System......Page 391 9.6 *Derivation: The Point Particle Energy Equation......Page 392 Questions......Page 394 Problems......Page 395 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 400 10.1 Collisions......Page 401 10.2 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions......Page 402 10.3 A Head-on Collision of Equal Masses......Page 404 10.4 Head-on Collisions Between Unequal Masses......Page 407 10.5 Frame of Reference......Page 409 10.6 Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D......Page 410 10.7 Discovering the Nucleus Inside Atoms......Page 413 10.8 Distribution of Scattering Angles......Page 416 10.9 Computational and Analytical Approaches......Page 418 10.10 Relativistic Momentum and Energy......Page 419 10.11 Inelastic Collisions and Quantized Energy......Page 421 10.12 Collisions in Other Reference Frames......Page 423 Questions......Page 428 Problems......Page 429 Computational Problems......Page 432 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 433 11.1 Translational Angular Momentum......Page 434 11.2 Rotational Angular Momentum......Page 440 11.3 Total Angular Momentum......Page 443 11.4 Torque......Page 444 11.5 The Angular Momentum Principle......Page 446 11.6 Multiparticle Systems......Page 448 11.7 Systems with Zero Torque......Page 450 11.8 Systems with Nonzero Torques......Page 459 11.9 Predicting Positions When There is Rotation......Page 461 11.11 Angular Momentum Quantization......Page 463 11.12 *Gyroscopes......Page 468 11.13 *More on Moment of Inertia......Page 473 Summary......Page 475 Questions......Page 476 Problems......Page 477 Computational Problems......Page 487 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 489 12.1 Irreversibility......Page 490 12.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid......Page 491 12.3 Thermal Equilibrium of Blocks in Contact......Page 498 12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 502 12.5 What is Temperature?......Page 503 12.6 Specific Heat of a Solid......Page 506 12.7 Computational Models......Page 511 12.8 The Boltzmann Distribution......Page 512 12.9 The Boltzmann Distribution in a Gas......Page 516 Summary......Page 524 Questions......Page 525 Problems......Page 526 Computational Problems......Page 529 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 530 13.2 Electric Charge and Force......Page 531 13.3 The Concept of "Electric Field"......Page 533 13.4 The Electric Field of a Point Charge......Page 537 13.5 Superposition of Electric Fields......Page 540 13.6 The Electric Field of a Dipole......Page 542 13.7 Choice of System......Page 550 13.8 Is Electric Field Real?......Page 551 13.9 Computational Modeling of Electric Fields......Page 553 Summary......Page 556 Questions......Page 557 Problems......Page 558 Computational Problems......Page 562 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 563 14.1 Charged Particles in Matter......Page 564 14.2 How Objects Become Charged......Page 566 14.3 Polarization of Atoms......Page 569 14.4 Polarization of Insulators......Page 575 14.5 Polarization of Conductors......Page 576 14.6 Charge Motion in Metals......Page 579 14.7 Charge Transfer......Page 586 14.8 Practical Issues in Measuring Electric Field......Page 588 Summary......Page 589 Experiments......Page 590 Questions......Page 596 Problems......Page 598 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 604 15.1 A Uniformly Charged Thin Rod......Page 606 15.2 Procedure for Calculating Electric Field......Page 613 15.3 A Uniformly Charged Thin Ring......Page 615 15.4 A Uniformly Charged Disk......Page 617 15.5 Two Uniformly Charged Disks: A Capacitor......Page 621 15.6 A Spherical Shell of Charge......Page 624 15.7 A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout its Volume......Page 626 15.8 Infinitesimals and Integrals in Science......Page 627 15.9 3D Numerical Integration with a Computer......Page 628 15.10 *Integrating the Spherical Shell......Page 631 Summary......Page 632 Questions......Page 634 Problems......Page 635 Computational Problems......Page 642 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 643 16.1 A Review of Potential Energy......Page 644 16.2 Systems of Charged Objects......Page 647 16.3 Potential Difference in a Uniform Field......Page 650 16.4 Sign of Potential Difference......Page 653 16.5 Potential Difference in a Nonuniform Field......Page 655 16.6 Path Independence......Page 662 16.7 The Potential at One Location......Page 666 16.8 Computing Potential Differences......Page 670 16.9 Potential Difference in an Insulator......Page 671 16.10 Energy Density and Electric Field......Page 674 16.12 *Integrating the Spherical Shell......Page 676 16.13 *Numerical Integration Along a Path......Page 678 Questions......Page 679 Problems......Page 681 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 690 17.1 Electron Current......Page 691 17.2 Detecting Magnetic Fields......Page 692 17.3 Biot–Savart Law: Single Moving Charge......Page 694 17.4 Relativistic Effects......Page 696 17.5 Electron Current and Conventional Current......Page 697 17.6 The Biot–Savart Law for Currents......Page 700 17.7 The Magnetic Field of Current Distributions......Page 701 17.8 A Circular Loop of Wire......Page 704 17.9 Computation and 3D Visualization......Page 707 17.10 Magnetic Dipole Moment......Page 708 17.11 The Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet......Page 709 17.12 The Atomic Structure of Magnets......Page 711 17.13 *Estimate of Orbital Angular Momentum of an Electron in an Atom......Page 717 17.14 *Magnetic Field of a Solenoid......Page 718 Summary......Page 720 Experiments......Page 721 Questions......Page 725 Problems......Page 726 Computational Problems......Page 731 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 733 18.1 A Circuit Is Not in Equilibrium......Page 734 18.2 Current in Different Parts of a Circuit......Page 735 18.3 Electric Field and Current......Page 738 18.4 What Charges Make the Electric Field Inside the Wires?......Page 740 18.5 Surface Charge Distributions......Page 744 18.6 Connecting a Circuit: The Initial Transient......Page 750 18.7 Feedback......Page 752 18.8 Surface Charge and Resistors......Page 753 18.9 Energy in a Circuit......Page 756 18.10 Applications of the Theory......Page 760 18.11 Detecting Surface Charge......Page 765 18.12 *Computational Model of a Circuit......Page 767 Summary......Page 769 Experiments......Page 770 Questions......Page 773 Problems......Page 775 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 781 19.1 Capacitors......Page 783 19.2 Resistors......Page 789 19.3 Conventional Symbols and Terms......Page 794 19.4 Work and Power in a Circuit......Page 795 19.5 Batteries......Page 797 19.6 Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Ohmmeters......Page 799 19.7 Quantitative Analysis of an RC Circuit......Page 801 19.8 Reflection: The Macro-Micro Connection......Page 804 19.9 *What Are AC and DC?......Page 805 19.11 *A Complicated Resistive Circuit......Page 807 Experiments......Page 810 Questions......Page 812 Problems......Page 815 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 821 20.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge......Page 823 20.2 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire......Page 828 20.3 Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces......Page 830 20.4 The Hall Effect......Page 832 20.5 Motional Emf......Page 837 20.6 Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame......Page 842 20.7 Magnetic Torque......Page 846 20.8 Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole......Page 847 20.9 Motors and Generators......Page 852 20.10 *Case Study: Sparks in Air......Page 854 20.11 *Relativistic Field Transformations......Page 864 Summary......Page 868 Questions......Page 869 Problems......Page 872 Computational Problems......Page 882 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 884 21.1 Patterns of Electric Field: Gauss's Law......Page 885 21.2 Definition of "Electric Flux"......Page 887 21.3 Gauss's Law......Page 889 21.4 Reasoning from Gauss's Law......Page 895 21.5 Gauss's Law for Magnetism......Page 900 21.6 Patterns of Magnetic Field: Ampere's Law......Page 901 21.9 *The Differential Form of Gauss's Law......Page 907 21.10 *The Differential Form of Ampere's Law......Page 913 Summary......Page 914 Problems......Page 915 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 919 22.1 Curly Electric Fields......Page 920 22.2 Faraday's Law......Page 923 22.3 Faraday's Law and Motional Emf......Page 930 22.4 Maxwell's Equations......Page 933 22.5 Superconductors......Page 934 22.6 Inductance......Page 936 22.7 *Inductor Circuits......Page 940 22.8 *Some Peculiar Circuits......Page 944 22.9 *The Differential Form of Faraday's Law......Page 946 22.10 *Lenz's Rule......Page 947 Summary......Page 948 Questions......Page 949 Problems......Page 950 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 956 23.1 Maxwell's Equations......Page 957 23.2 Fields Traveling Through Space......Page 960 23.3 Accelerated Charges Produce Radiation......Page 965 23.4 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 969 23.5 Energy and Momentum in Radiation......Page 973 23.6 Effects of Radiation on Matter......Page 977 23.7 Light Propagation Through a Medium......Page 982 23.8 Refraction: Bending of Light......Page 984 23.9 Lenses......Page 987 23.10 Image Formation......Page 990 23.11 *The Field of an Accelerated Charge......Page 1001 23.12 *Differential Form of Maxwell's Equations......Page 1003 Questions......Page 1004 Problems......Page 1006 Computational Problems......Page 1009 Answers to Checkpoints......Page 1010 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1011 Index......Page 1017 Endpapers......Page 1027 EULA......Page 1030 Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright 4 Brief Contents 5 Contents 6 Preface 11 Volume I: Modern Mechanics 19 Chapter 1: Interactions and Motion 19 1.1 Kinds of Matter 19 1.2 Detecting Interactions 22 1.3 Newton's First Law of Motion 24 1.4 Describing the 3D World: Vectors 26 1.5 SI Units 35 1.6 Speed and Velocity 36 1.7 Predicting a New Position 38 1.8 Momentum 42 1.9 Using Momentum to Update Position 45 1.10 Momentum at High Speeds 46 1.11 Computational Modeling 49 1.12 *The Principle of Relativity 51 1.13 *Updating Position at High Speed 54 Summary 55 Questions 56 Problems 57 Computational Problems 60 Answers to Checkpoints 62 Chapter 2: The Momentum Principle 63 2.1 The Momentum Principle 63 2.2 Large Forces and Short Times 68 2.3 Predicting the Future 73 2.4 Iterative Prediction: Constant Net Force 75 2.5 Analytical Prediction: Constant Net Force 78 2.6 Iterative Prediction: Varying Net Force 83 2.7 Iterative Calculations on a Computer 90 2.8 *Derivation: Special-Case Average Velocity 93 2.9 *Relativistic Motion 95 2.10 *Measurements and Units 97 Summary 99 Questions 99 Problems 100 Computational Problems 104 Answers to Checkpoints 105 Chapter 3: The Fundamental Interactions 106 3.1 The Fundamental Interactions 106 3.2 The Gravitational Force 107 3.3 Approximate Gravitational Force Near the Earth's Surface 111 3.4 Reciprocity 113 3.5 Predicting Motion of Gravitationally Interacting Objects 114 3.6 Gravitational Force in Computational Models 118 3.7 The Electric Force 120 3.8 The Strong Interaction 122 3.9 The Weak Interaction 124 3.10 Conservation of Momentum 125 3.11 The Multiparticle Momentum Principle 128 3.12 Collisions: Negligible External Forces 131 3.13 Newton and Einstein 134 3.14 Predicting the Future of Complex Systems 135 3.15 Determinism 137 3.16 Points and Spheres 139 3.17 Measuring the Gravitational Constant G 140 Summary 140 Questions 141 Problems 141 Computational Problems 146 Answers to Checkpoints 147 Chapter 4: Contact Interactions 148 4.1 Beyond Point Particles 148 4.2 The Ball–Spring Model of a Solid 149 4.3 Tension Forces 150 4.4 Length of an Interatomic Bond 151 4.5 The Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond 153 4.6 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus 156 4.7 Compression (Normal) Forces 159 4.8 Friction 159 4.9 Speed of Sound in a Solid and Interatomic Bond Stiffness 162 4.10 Derivative Form of the Momentum Principle 164 4.11 Analytical Solution: Spring–Mass System 166 4.12 Analytical vs. Iterative Solutions 170 4.13 Analytical Expression for Speed of Sound 172 4.14 Contact Forces Due to Gases 174 4.15 *Acceleration 178 4.16 *A Vertical Spring–Mass System 179 4.17 *General Solution for the Mass–Spring System 179 Summary 181 Questions 182 Problems 184 Computational Problems 188 Answers to Checkpoints 190 Chapter 5: Determining Forces from Motion 191 5.1 Unknown Forces 191 5.2 Identifying all Forces 191 5.3 Determining Unknown Forces 192 5.4 Uniform Motion 194 5.5 Changing Momentum 202 5.6 Force and Curving Motion 203 5.7 dp/dt for Curving Motion 208 5.8 Unknown Forces: Curving Motion 213 5.9 Kinesthetic Sensations 218 5.10 More Complex Problems 220 Summary 223 Questions 224 Problems 224 Computational Problems 231 Answers to Checkpoints 232 Chapter 6: The Energy Principle 233 6.1 The Energy Principle 233 6.2 Energy of a Single Particle 234 6.3 Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer 239 6.4 Work and Energy 245 6.5 Change of Rest Energy 249 6.6 Proof of the Energy Principle for a Particle 252 6.7 Potential Energy in Multiparticle Systems 253 6.8 Gravitational Potential Energy 258 6.9 Electric Potential Energy 267 6.10 Plotting Energy vs. Separation 268 6.11 General Properties of Potential Energy 273 6.12 The Mass of a Multiparticle System 276 6.13 Reflection: Why Energy? 281 6.14 Identifying Initial and Final States 282 6.15 Energy in Computational Models 286 6.16 *A Puzzle 287 6.17 *Gradient of Potential Energy 288 6.18 *Integrals and Antiderivatives 289 6.19 *Approximation for Kinetic Energy 290 6.20 *Finding the Expression for Particle Energy 291 6.21 *Finding an Angle from the Dot Product 292 Summary 292 Questions 293 Problems 294 Computational Problems 300 Answers to Checkpoints 301 Chapter 7: Internal Energy 302 7.1 Extended Objects 302 7.2 Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs 302 7.3 Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms 308 7.4 Internal Energy 310 7.5 Energy Transfer Due to a Temperature Difference 315 7.6 Power: Energy per Unit Time 318 7.7 Open and Closed Systems 318 7.8 The Choice of System Affects Energy Accounting 320 7.9 The Choice of Reference Frame Affects Energy Accounting 322 7.10 Energy Dissipation 324 7.11 Energy Dissipation in Computational Models 330 7.12 *Resonance 332 Summary 333 Questions 334 Problems 335 Computational Problems 338 Answers to Checkpoints 339 Chapter 8: Energy Quantization 341 8.1 Photons 341 8.2 Electronic Energy Levels 342 8.3 The Effect of Temperature 352 8.4 Vibrational Energy Levels 353 8.5 Rotational Energy Levels 356 8.6 Other Energy Levels 357 8.7 Comparison of Energy-Level Spacings 357 8.8 *Random Emission Time 358 8.9 *Case Study: How a Laser Works 358 8.10 *Wavelength of Light 360 Summary 361 Questions 361 Problems 362 Computational Problems 364 Answers to Checkpoints 366 Chapter 9: Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational Energy 367 9.1 Separation of Multiparticle System Energy 367 9.2 Rotational Kinetic Energy 371 9.3 Comparing Two Models of a System 377 9.4 Modeling Friction in Detail 386 9.5 *Derivation: Kinetic Energy of a Multiparticle System 391 9.6 *Derivation: The Point Particle Energy Equation 392 Summary 394 Questions 394 Problems 395 Answers to Checkpoints 400 Chapter 10: Collisions 401 10.1 Collisions 401 10.2 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 402 10.3 A Head-on Collision of Equal Masses 404 10.4 Head-on Collisions Between Unequal Masses 407 10.5 Frame of Reference 409 10.6 Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D 410 10.7 Discovering the Nucleus Inside Atoms 413 10.8 Distribution of Scattering Angles 416 10.9 Computational and Analytical Approaches 418 10.10 Relativistic Momentum and Energy 419 10.11 Inelastic Collisions and Quantized Energy 421 10.12 Collisions in Other Reference Frames 423 Summary 428 Questions 428 Problems 429 Computational Problems 432 Answers to Checkpoints 433 Chapter 11: Angular Momentum 434 11.1 Translational Angular Momentum 434 11.2 Rotational Angular Momentum 440 11.3 Total Angular Momentum 443 11.4 Torque 444 11.5 The Angular Momentum Principle 446 11.6 Multiparticle Systems 448 11.7 Systems with Zero Torque 450 11.8 Systems with Nonzero Torques 459 11.9 Predicting Positions When There is Rotation 461 11.10 Computation and Angular Momentum 463 11.11 Angular Momentum Quantization 463 11.12 *Gyroscopes 468 11.13 *More on Moment of Inertia 473 Summary 475 Questions 476 Problems 477 Computational Problems 487 Answers to Checkpoints 489 Chapter 12: Entropy: Limits on the Possible 490 12.1 Irreversibility 490 12.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid 491 12.3 Thermal Equilibrium of Blocks in Contact 498 12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 502 12.5 What is Temperature? 503 12.6 Specific Heat of a Solid 506 12.7 Computational Models 511 12.8 The Boltzmann Distribution 512 12.9 The Boltzmann Distribution in a Gas 516 Summary 524 Questions 525 Problems 526 Computational Problems 529 Answers to Checkpoints 530 Volume II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions 531 Chapter 13: Electric Field 531 13.1 New Concepts 531 13.2 Electric Charge and Force 531 13.3 The Concept of "Electric Field" 533 13.4 The Electric Field of a Point Charge 537 13.5 Superposition of Electric Fields 540 13.6 The Electric Field of a Dipole 542 13.7 Choice of System 550 13.8 Is Electric Field Real? 551 13.9 Computational Modeling of Electric Fields 553 Summary 556 Questions 557 Problems 558 Computational Problems 562 Answers to Checkpoints 563 Chapter 14: Electric Fields and Matter 564 14.1 Charged Particles in Matter 564 14.2 How Objects Become Charged 566 14.3 Polarization of Atoms 569 14.4 Polarization of Insulators 575 14.5 Polarization of Conductors 576 14.6 Charge Motion in Metals 579 14.7 Charge Transfer 586 14.8 Practical Issues in Measuring Electric Field 588 Summary 589 Experiments 590 Questions 596 Problems 598 Answers to Checkpoints 604 Chapter 15: Electric Field of Distributed Charges 606 15.1 A Uniformly Charged Thin Rod 606 15.2 Procedure for Calculating Electric Field 613 15.3 A Uniformly Charged Thin Ring 615 15.4 A Uniformly Charged Disk 617 15.5 Two Uniformly Charged Disks: A Capacitor 621 15.6 A Spherical Shell of Charge 624 15.7 A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout its Volume 626 15.8 Infinitesimals and Integrals in Science 627 15.9 3D Numerical Integration with a Computer 628 15.10 *Integrating the Spherical Shell 631 Summary 632 Questions 634 Problems 635 Computational Problems 642 Answers to Checkpoints 643 Chapter 16: Electric Potential 644 16.1 A Review of Potential Energy 644 16.2 Systems of Charged Objects 647 16.3 Potential Difference in a Uniform Field 650 16.4 Sign of Potential Difference 653 16.5 Potential Difference in a Nonuniform Field 655 16.6 Path Independence 662 16.7 The Potential at One Location 666 16.8 Computing Potential Differences 670 16.9 Potential Difference in an Insulator 671 16.10 Energy Density and Electric Field 674 16.11 *Potential of Distributed Charges 676 16.12 *Integrating the Spherical Shell 676 16.13 *Numerical Integration Along a Path 678 Summary 679 Questions 679 Problems 681 Computational Problems 690 Answers to Checkpoints 690 Chapter 17: Magnetic Field 691 17.1 Electron Current 691 17.2 Detecting Magnetic Fields 692 17.3 Biot–Savart Law: Single Moving Charge 694 17.4 Relativistic Effects 696 17.5 Electron Current and Conventional Current 697 17.6 The Biot–Savart Law for Currents 700 17.7 The Magnetic Field of Current Distributions 701 17.8 A Circular Loop of Wire 704 17.9 Computation and 3D Visualization 707 17.10 Magnetic Dipole Moment 708 17.11 The Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet 709 17.12 The Atomic Structure of Magnets 711 17.13 *Estimate of Orbital Angular Momentum of an Electron in an Atom 717 17.14 *Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 718 Summary 720 Experiments 721 Questions 725 Problems 726 Computational Problems 731 Answers to Checkpoints 733 Chapter 18: Electric Field and Circuits 734 18.1 A Circuit Is Not in Equilibrium 734 18.2 Current in Different Parts of a Circuit 735 18.3 Electric Field and Current 738 18.4 What Charges Make the Electric Field Inside the Wires? 740 18.5 Surface Charge Distributions 744 18.6 Connecting a Circuit: The Initial Transient 750 18.7 Feedback 752 18.8 Surface Charge and Resistors 753 18.9 Energy in a Circuit 756 18.10 Applications of the Theory 760 18.11 Detecting Surface Charge 765 18.12 *Computational Model of a Circuit 767 Summary 769 Experiments 770 Questions 773 Problems 775 Answers to Checkpoints 781 Chapter 19: Circuit Elements 783 19.1 Capacitors 783 19.2 Resistors 789 19.3 Conventional Symbols and Terms 794 19.4 Work and Power in a Circuit 795 19.5 Batteries 797 19.6 Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Ohmmeters 799 19.7 Quantitative Analysis of an RC Circuit 801 19.8 Reflection: The Macro-Micro Connection 804 19.9 *What Are AC and DC? 805 19.10 *Electrons in Metals 807 19.11 *A Complicated Resistive Circuit 807 Summary 810 Experiments 810 Questions 812 Problems 815 Answers to Checkpoints 821 Chapter 20: Magnetic Force 823 20.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 823 20.2 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 828 20.3 Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces 830 20.4 The Hall Effect 832 20.5 Motional Emf 837 20.6 Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame 842 20.7 Magnetic Torque 846 20.8 Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole 847 20.9 Motors and Generators 852 20.10 *Case Study: Sparks in Air 854 20.11 *Relativistic Field Transformations 864 Summary 868 Experiments 869 Questions 869 Problems 872 Computational Problems 882 Answers to Checkpoints 884 Chapter 21: Patterns of Field in Space 885 21.1 Patterns of Electric Field: Gauss's Law 885 21.2 Definition of "Electric Flux" 887 21.3 Gauss's Law 889 21.4 Reasoning from Gauss's Law 895 21.5 Gauss's Law for Magnetism 900 21.6 Patterns of Magnetic Field: Ampere's Law 901 21.7 Maxwell's Equations 907 21.8 Semiconductor Devices 907 21.9 *The Differential Form of Gauss's Law 907 21.10 *The Differential Form of Ampere's Law 913 Summary 914 Questions 915 Problems 915 Computational Problem 919 Answers to Checkpoints 919 Chapter 22: Faraday's Law 920 22.1 Curly Electric Fields 920 22.2 Faraday's Law 923 22.3 Faraday's Law and Motional Emf 930 22.4 Maxwell's Equations 933 22.5 Superconductors 934 22.6 Inductance 936 22.7 *Inductor Circuits 940 22.8 *Some Peculiar Circuits 944 22.9 *The Differential Form of Faraday's Law 946 22.10 *Lenz's Rule 947 Summary 948 Questions 949 Problems 950 Answers to Checkpoints 956 Chapter 23: Electromagnetic Radiation 957 23.1 Maxwell's Equations 957 23.2 Fields Traveling Through Space 960 23.3 Accelerated Charges Produce Radiation 965 23.4 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiation 969 23.5 Energy and Momentum in Radiation 973 23.6 Effects of Radiation on Matter 977 23.7 Light Propagation Through a Medium 982 23.8 Refraction: Bending of Light 984 23.9 Lenses 987 23.10 Image Formation 990 23.11 *The Field of an Accelerated Charge 1001 23.12 *Differential Form of Maxwell's Equations 1003 Summary 1004 Questions 1004 Problems 1006 Computational Problems 1009 Answers to Checkpoints 1010 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 1011 Index 1017 Endpapers 1027 EULA 1030 "Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition offers a modern curriculum for introductory physics (calculus-based). It presents physics the way practicing physicists view their discipline while integrating 20th Century physics and computational physics. The text emphasizes the small number of fundamental principles that underlie the behavior of matter, and models that can explain and predict a wide variety of physical phenomena." -- Amazon.com viewed July 8, 2020 __**Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition**____Matter and Interactions, 4th Edition__