Meaning and Argument: An Introduction to Logic Through Language, Revised Second Edition

Meaning and Argument is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language. Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout Features an accompanying website at http: //ruccs.rutgers.edu/ logic/MeaningArgument.html Meaning and Argument......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Preface to Revised Second Edition......Page 15 Preface to Second Edition......Page 16 Preface to Revised Edition......Page 17 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Introduction to Teacher......Page 21 1.1 Arguments......Page 25 1.1.2 Premises and Conclusion......Page 26 1.2 Putting Arguments into a Standard Format......Page 27 1.3 Multiple Conclusions......Page 29 1.4 Deductive Validity......Page 30 1.6 Missing Premises and Conclusions......Page 33 2.1 Formal Validity......Page 37 2.2 Quotation Marks......Page 39 2.3 Metalinguistic Variables......Page 41 2.4 Non-formal Validity......Page 43 2.5 The Need for Propositional Logic......Page 44 2.5.1 Symbolic Notation......Page 45 2.6 The Type/Token Distinction......Page 46 3.1 Logical Conjunction......Page 51 3.2 Distinguishing Deductive from Non-deductive Aspects of Conjunction......Page 53 3.4 Series Decompounding......Page 54 3.6 Symbolizing Logical Conjunctions......Page 55 4.1 Logical Negation......Page 62 4.2 Some Other Negative Expressions......Page 63 4.5 Symbolizing Logical Negations......Page 65 4.6 Ambiguity and the Need for Groupers......Page 66 4.7 Review of Symbols......Page 67 4.9 Argument Forms Continued......Page 68 4.10 Symbolizing Logical Negations Continued......Page 71 5.1 Well-formed Formulas......Page 76 5.2 Scope......Page 77 5.3 Main Connective......Page 78 5.4 Truth Tables......Page 79 5.4.1 Truth Table Analyses of Statements......Page 81 5.4.2 Truth Table Analyses of Arguments......Page 84 6.1 Logical Disjunction......Page 88 6.2 Disjunction and Negation......Page 89 6.3 Iterations and Groupers......Page 91 6.4 Inclusive versus Exclusive ‘Or’......Page 93 6.5 Symbolizing Logical Disjunctions Continued......Page 96 7.1 Conditionals with Constituent Statements......Page 99 7.3 Logical Conditionals......Page 100 7.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions......Page 102 7.6 Only If......Page 104 7.7 Unless......Page 106 7.8 Since, Because......Page 108 7.9 Conditionals and Groupers......Page 109 7.10 If and Only If......Page 110 7.11 A Revised Grammar for Well-formedness in PL......Page 111 7.12.1 Validity......Page 119 7.12.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency......Page 122 7.12.3 Consistency......Page 124 7.12.4 Logical Equivalence......Page 125 8.1 Reviewing Validity......Page 129 8.2 Tree Trunks and Compound and Atomic Statements......Page 130 8.3.1 Non-branching Rules......Page 131 8.3.2 Branching Rules......Page 132 8.4 Strategies......Page 134 8.5 Truth Trees and Invalidity......Page 137 8.6 Propositional Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models)......Page 141 8.7.1 Consistency......Page 143 8.7.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency......Page 144 8.7.3 Logical Equivalence......Page 146 9.1 Limits of Propositional Logic......Page 149 9.2 Singular Terms......Page 150 9.3 Property Predicates......Page 152 9.4 Quantifiers......Page 154 9.4.2 Symbolizing Simple Existential Statements......Page 155 9.4.3 Simple Universal Quantifier Statements......Page 157 9.4.4 Negations of Existentials......Page 158 9.5 Complex Predicates......Page 159 9.6 Well-formedness in PPL......Page 162 9.7.1 Existential Quantifiers and General Terms......Page 165 9.7.2 Universal Quantifiers and General Terms......Page 167 10 Evaluating Arguments in Property Predicate Logic......Page 175 10.1 Quantifiers and Scope......Page 176 10.2.1 Quantifier Exchange Rule (QE)......Page 177 10.2.2 Universal Quantifier Rule (UQ)......Page 178 10.2.3 Existential Quantifier Rule (EQ)......Page 181 10.3 Super Strategy......Page 184 10.4 Property Predicate Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models)......Page 186 10.5 PPL Logical Equivalences and Non-equivalences......Page 188 10.6.2 Logical Equivalence......Page 190 10.6.3 Contradiction, Logical Truth, Contingency......Page 191 11.1 Literal Meaning......Page 192 11.2 ‘Any’ as an Existential......Page 193 11.3 Restrictive Relative Clauses......Page 195 11.4.1 Deixis and Anaphora......Page 196 11.4.2 Quantification and Anaphora......Page 197 11.5 Only......Page 200 11.6 Restrictive Words in English......Page 202 11.7 Evaluating Symbolizations of English in Logical Notation......Page 205 12.1 Limits of Property Predicate Logic......Page 211 12.2 Convention 1: Number......Page 213 12.3 Convention 2: Order......Page 214 12.4 Convention 3: Active/Passive Voice......Page 215 12.5 Convention 4: Single Quantifiers......Page 217 12.6 Variables......Page 219 12.6.2 Convention 6: Variables and Property Predicates......Page 220 12.6.3 General Comments about Variables......Page 221 13 Relational Predicate Logic with Nested Quantifiers......Page 227 13.1 Multiply General Statements......Page 229 13.2 Universal Quantifier Procedure......Page 232 13.4 Double Binding Variables......Page 233 13.4.1 Kicking Out......Page 236 13.5 Systematic and Analytic Procedures......Page 237 13.6 A Grammar for Well-formedness in RPL......Page 238 13.7 Nested Quantifiers, Variables, and Scope......Page 240 13.8 Order and Scope Refinements......Page 241 13.8.1 The Order and Scope Procedure......Page 244 13.9 Summary of the Overall Procedure for Symbolizing English Statements with Nested Quantifiers into RPL......Page 246 14.1 RPL Arguments without Quantifiers......Page 249 14.2 RPL Arguments without Nested Quantifiers......Page 250 14.3 RPL Arguments with Nested Quantifiers......Page 252 14.4 Choosing Singular Terms to Instantiate......Page 253 14.5 Infinite Truth Trees for RPL Arguments......Page 254 14.6 Summary of Truth Tree Strategies......Page 256 14.7 Relational Predicate Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models)......Page 259 15.1 Negation......Page 264 15.2 ‘Only’ as a Quantifier......Page 266 15.3 Restrictive Relative Clauses......Page 269 15.3.1 The Quantificational Restrictive Relative Clause Procedure......Page 270 15.4 Quantifiers and Anaphora......Page 272 15.4.1 Repair Algorithm......Page 274 15.5 Anaphora and Restrictive Relative Clauses......Page 277 15.6 Anaphora Across Sentences......Page 282 15.7 Quantification in English......Page 285 16.1 Limits of Relational Predicate Logic......Page 288 16.2.1 Identity-out Rule......Page 290 16.2.2 Identity-in Rule......Page 291 16.3.1 ‘Only’ Again......Page 293 16.3.2 Words of Distinction: Except, But, Other (than), Besides, Else......Page 294 16.4.1 At Least n......Page 296 16.4.2 At Most n (No More than n)......Page 299 16.4.3 Exactly n......Page 301 16.4.5 Combinatorics (optional)......Page 303 16.5 Definite Descriptions......Page 304 16.5.1 The Definite Description Quantifier Procedure......Page 308 16.5.3 Plural Definite Descriptions......Page 309 17.1 Prepositional Phrases......Page 314 17.2 The Event Approach......Page 316 17.3.1 Fixing Referents and Binding Anaphoric Pronouns......Page 318 17.3.2 Quantification over Events......Page 319 17.3.4 Methodological Reflections......Page 320 17.4 Adverbial Modification......Page 321 17.5 Problems with the Event Approach......Page 324 A1.1 Prepositional Phrases......Page 328 A1.2 Conversational Inferences and Deductive Validity......Page 329 A1.3 Relative Clauses......Page 331 A2.1 Modalities and Negation......Page 334 A3.1 Explication of the Material Conditional Truth Table......Page 335 A3.1.2 Conditionals and conversational inferences......Page 338 A3.1.3 Paradoxes of implication revisited......Page 340 A4.1 Only......Page 341 A4.2.1 Existential import......Page 342 A4.2.2 Scalar inferences......Page 343 A4.3 More on Literal Meaning......Page 344 A4.4 Adjectival Modification and Predication......Page 345 A4.5 A Non-standard Quantifier – Most......Page 349 A5.1 Passive Voice: Another Argument for Variables......Page 350 A5.1.1 Passive voice for nested quantifier procedure......Page 352 A5.2.1 Symmetry, asymmetry, non-symmetry......Page 353 A5.2.2 Transitivity, intransitivity, non-transitivity......Page 354 A5.2.3 Total reflexivity, reflexivity, irreflexivity, and non-reflexivity......Page 355 A6.1 ‘Only’ and Existential Import......Page 357 A6.2 Descriptions and Anaphora......Page 358 A6.3 Plural Anaphora......Page 359 A6.3.2 Singular indefinite antecedents of plural pronouns......Page 364 A6.3.3 Partitives......Page 366 A6.4 Existence......Page 367 A6.6 Properties of the Identity Relationship......Page 368 A6.7 The Superlative......Page 369 A7 Verbs and their Modifiers......Page 370 A7.1 Infinitives and Gerunds......Page 371 A7.2 Reference to Events......Page 373 A7.3 The Logic of Perceptual Verbs......Page 374 Chapter 1......Page 376 Chapter 2......Page 377 Chapter 3......Page 378 Chapter 4......Page 381 Chapter 5......Page 383 Chapter 6......Page 384 Chapter 7......Page 386 Chapter 8......Page 393 Chapter 9......Page 398 Chapter 10......Page 401 Chapter 11......Page 412 Chapter 12......Page 417 Chapter 13......Page 418 Chapter 14......Page 420 Chapter 15......Page 433 Chapter 16......Page 439 Chapter 17......Page 446 Appendix......Page 447 Logical Symbols......Page 449 Index......Page 450

Meaning and Argument is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language.

• Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic
• Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations
• Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others
• Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key
• An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course
• Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout
• Features an accompanying website at http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html

"Meaning and Argument is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language. Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout Features an accompanying website at http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html"-- Provided by publisher "Meaning and Argument is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language. Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout Features an accompanying website at http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html"-- Résumé de l'éditeur. __Meaning and Argument__Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout Features an accompanying website at http: //ruccs.rutgers.edu/ logic/MeaningArgument.html