Melanin, the Master Molecule

Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties. Nine chapters explain the intrinsic biochemistry of melanin, comparisons with conventional energy producing and respiratory biomolecules, the property of melanin to transform light energy into chemical energy through the dissociation of the water molecule, and the theories of melanin based energy production in the nervous system, the cell nucleus, muscles and the eye, and the role the role of melanin in the context of ageing. The authors also delve into the possibility of melanin being the key molecule needed to spark life since its water dissociating property through the absorption of light energy emulates the role of chlorophyll, but unlike the latter, it is not limited to the plant cell environment. Hence, melanin is referred to as the master molecule which can provide a missing link to the biochemical processes behind the origin of life. Melanin, the Master Molecule is an exciting reference for biochemists and laymen interested in the science of melanin and a new perspective on the origin of life as we know it. CONTENTS PREFACE DEDICATION INTRODUCTION PRESENTATION Melanin Functions in the Eye The Omnipresence of Melanin in All Biological Realms (Figs. 9-93) Melanin, the First Self-replicating Molecule Melanin, the Molecule Base of Biological and Planetary Systems CONCLUSION REFERENCES Intrinsic Chemistry of Melanin: Potential Approaches for Translational Medicine Arturo Solís-Herrera1,* and Sergey Suchkov2 INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics The Evolutionary Cell Biology in Terms of Energy Conservation The Cell, the Forces of Gravity and other Physical Forces The Cell, an Apparently Chaotic System The Cell from the Point of View of the Entropy Melanin, the Fundamental Molecule of Life and Evolution Photo-protective Role of Melanin Melanin and Other Pigments in Biology Melanin Functions Described in the Literature (Table 1) Melanin as an Energy Source The Chemistry of Melanin The Physical Properties of Melanin Optical Properties Indirect Evidence of the Unsuspected Property of Melanin Kleiber Law (E = M3/4) Why Big Animals Use Energy More Efficiently Than Little Ones? Melanin Functions in the Eye How the Results Have Been Achieved Photosynthesis Photosynthesis in Plants Photosynthesis in Humans ATP is Not the Perfect Currency for Energy Cell Energy Cost of Protein Synthesis Human Photosynthesis and Its Potential Implementation in PPPM Some Examples of Potential Applications of the Human Photosynthesis Enhancement Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Alzheimer ́s Disease in the Eye [72]? Neurotransmitters Role CONCLUSION Challenges of Current Healthcare Systems Outlook HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES The Cell Bioenergetics Pathways Beyond Glucose and Mitochondria and the Intrinsic Chemistry of Melanin Arturo Solís Herrera*, María del Carmen Arias Esparza, Ruth I. Solís Arias, Paola E. Solís Arias and Martha P. Solís Arias INTRODUCTION Background Glycome The Central Paradigm and Melanin Clinical Contradictory Data Melanin as Unsuspected Source of Chemical Energy Energy Definition Glucose: The Universal Building Block The Regularity in Living Things Glucose and Energy Kidney Cortex and Chemical Energy Adenosine, the Backbone of ATP CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Water of the Cephalous Spinal Fluid- The Main Source of Energy of the Central Nervous System Arturo Solís-Herrera*, Graciela Landín-Miranda, Ruth I. Solís-Arias, Paola E. Solís-Arias, Martha P. Solís-Arias and María del Carmen Arias Esparza BACKGROUND Glucose: A Source of Energy? Mitochondria Cephalous Spinal Fluid (CSF) and the Physiology of the Choroid Plexuses (CP) Human Photosynthesis or the Unexpected Capacity of Melanin to Split the Water Molecule The Energy Supply to the Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cell Without Mitochondria or ATP Melanin and the Central Nervous System CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES The Unsuspected Intrinsic Property of Respiratory Pigments to Dissociate, Irreversible, the Water Molecule Arturo Solís Herrera* INTRODUCTION Oxygen Transportation The Exchange Membranes Hemoglobin Hemocyanin Chlorocruorins Hemerythrin Oxygen and Respiratory Pigments Venous Oxygen Tension Oxygen Tension and Exercise Hemocyanin and the Transport of Oxygen in Marine Animals CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES The Source of Energy of the Nucleus in Eukaryotic Cell is Molecular Hydrogen and High Energy Electrons Arturo Solís Herrera, Arias Esparza, María del Carmen*, Solís Arias Ruth I., Solís Arias Paola E. and Solís Arias Martha P. INTRODUCTION Light/Melanin/Water, the Human Photo-system CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Mental Illness, Alterations in Ventricle Size, and Human Photosynthesis® Arturo Solís Herrera, María del Carmen Arias Esparza, Ruth Isabel Solís Arias, Paola Eugenia Solís Arias and Martha Patricia Solís Arias BACKGROUND CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Age-related Macular Degeneration, the Alzheimer ́s Disease of the Eye and the Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Transform Light Power into Chemical Energy Arturo Solís Herrera*, Ruth I. Solís-Arias, Paola E. Solís-Arias and Martha P. Solís-Arias BACKGROUND The Photosynthesis in Humans or Melanin ́s Molecule Intrinsic Property to Splits and Reform the Water Molecule Material and Methods Therapeutic Results in Age-related Macular Degeneration (Fig. 7 - 25) Monoclonal Antibodies Anti-VEGF in the Treatment of ARMD Examples of Clinical Cases Fig. (26 - 31) Vitamins, Supplements and Anti-oxidants in the Treatment of ARMD CONCLUSION HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Energy Production, the Key Role of the Melanin Molecule in the Human Body: Implications in the Context of Aging The Unexpected Role of Melanin as Bio-energeticMolecule and Prof. Szent-gyorgyi ́s EnergyConcepts: Hydrogen as Main Source of Energy ofMuscle Cell Subject Index

Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several d