بیوفیلم‌های میکروبی، ویرایش دوم

__An examination of the research and translational application to prevent and treat biofilm-associated diseases__ In the decade since the first edition of __Microbial Biofilms__ was published, the interest in this field has expanded, spurring breakthrough research that has advanced the treatment of biofilm-associated diseases. This second edition takes the reader on an exciting, extensive review of bacterial and fungal biofilms, ranging from basic molecular interactions to innovative therapies, with particular emphasis on the division of labor in biofilms, new approaches to combat the threat of microbial biofilms, and how biofilms evade the host defense. Chapters written by established investigators cover recent findings, and contributions from investigators new to the field provide unique and fresh insights. Specifically, Microbial Biofilms provides * state-of-the-art research in the field of bacterial and fungal biofilms * detailed descriptions of the in vitro and in vivo models available to evaluate microbial biofilms * future areas of research and their translational and clinical applications __Microbial Biofilms__ is a useful reference for researchers and clinicians. It will also provide insight in the dynamic field of microbial biofilms for graduate and postgraduate students. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Contributors 8 Preface 14 Acknowledgments 16 Chapter 1: New Technologies for Studying Biofilms 18 INTRODUCTION 18 TRADITIONAL METHODS FOR BIOFILM GROWTH UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS 20 MINIATURIZATION APPROACHES TO BIOFILM CULTIVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 24 OMICS APPROACHES TO BIOFILM STUDIES 27 BIOFILM IMAGING 32 SUMMARY 37 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37 CITATION 37 REFERENCES 37 Chapter 2: Fungal Biofilms: In Vivo Models for Discovery of Anti-Biofilm Drugs 50 SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNGAL BIOFILMS IN INFECTION 50 FUNGAL BIOFILM TRAITS 51 HOST FACTORS INFLUENCING FUNGAL BIOFILMS 52 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 60 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 61 CITATION 61 REFERENCES 61 Chapter 3: Biofilm Development 68 INTRODUCTION 68 BIOFILM FORMATION INITIATES IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CUES 69 THE ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF BIOFILMS ARE SPECIES DEPENDENT 70 STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN BIOFILMS IS DEPENDENT ON NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS 70 BACTERIAL MOTILITY MAY BE AN INTEGRATED PART OF BIOFILM FORMATION 72 BIOFILM FORMATION CAN OCCUR THROUGH MULTIPLE PATHWAYS 72 QUORUM-SENSING CAN PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN BIOFILM FORMATION 73 BACTERIAL SUBPOPULATIONS DEVELOP AND INTERACT DURING BIOFILM FORMATION 75 BIOFILM FORMATION IS PROGRAMMED IN THE SENSE THAT REGULATED SYNTHESIS OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS IS INVOLVED, BUT IT IS ALSO GOVERNED BY ADAPTIVE RESPONSES 76 BIOFILM FORMATION IS LARGELY GOVERNED BY ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF INDIVIDUAL BACTERIA, BUT GROUP-LEVEL ACTIVITIES ARE ALSO INVOLVED 77 BIOFILM FORMATION TERMINATES IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CUES 78 CONCLUDING REMARKS 78 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 79 CITATION 79 REFERENCES 79 Chapter 4: Division of Labor in Biofilms: the Ecology of Cell Differentiation 84 INTRODUCTION 84 COOPERATION, SPECIALIZATION, AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR 85 BACTERIAL MULTICELLULARITY AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR 88 DIVISION OF LABOR IN BIOFILMS 91 BENEFITS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND DIVISION OF LABOR 102 LIFE CYCLE BIOLOGY: THE ECOLOGY OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 103 CONCLUSIONS 104 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 104 CITATION 104 CITATION 104 REFERENCES 105 Chapter 5: Candida albicans Biofilm Development and Its Genetic Control 116 BIOFILM STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 116 CELL MORPHOLOGY AND BIOFILM FORMATION 118 BIOFILM-ASSOCIATED GENE EXPRESSION 119 THE CELL SURFACE AND ADHERENCE 120 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX MATERIAL 123 BIOFILM METABOLISM 125 BIOFILM DRUG RESISTANCE 126 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 127 CITATION 127 REFERENCES 127 Chapter 6: Candida Biofilms: Development, Architecture, and Resistance 132 INTRODUCTION 132 EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF CANDIDA BIOFILMS 133 BIOFILM MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE 136 FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOFILM FORMATION AND ARCHITECTURE 137 ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF CANDIDA BIOFILMS 142 MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE OF CANDIDA BIOFILMS 143 CONCLUSION 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 144 CITATION 144 REFERENCES 144 Chapter 7: Biofilm Formation by Cryptococcus neoformans 152 INTRODUCTION 152 POLYSACCHARIDE CAPSULE IN BIOFILM FORMATION 155 RESISTANCE TO HOST IMMUNE MECHANISMS AND ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY 157 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES 159 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 161 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 162 CITATION 162 REFERENCES 162 Chapter 8: Aspergillus Biofilm In Vitro and In Vivo 166 INTRODUCTION 166 BIOFILM CHARACTERISTICS IN VITRO 167 ROLE OF BIOFILM MOLECULES 169 BIOFILM DRUG RESISTANCE 174 PERSPECTIVES 175 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175 CITATION 175 REFERENCES 175 Chapter 9: Adhesins Involved in Attachment to Abiotic Surfaces by Gram-Negative Bacteria 180 INTRODUCTION 180 FIMBRIAL ADHESINS/PILI 181 NONFIMBRIAL ADHESINS 190 POLYSACCHARIDE ADHESINS 196 CONCLUSION 204 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 205 CITATION 205 REFERENCES 205 Chapter 10: Biofilm Matrix Proteins 218 INTRODUCTION 218 BIOFILM-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (Bap) 226 OMVs 232 BACTERIAL NUCLEOID-BINDING PROTEINS 233 CONCLUDING REMARKS 233 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 234 CITATION 234 REFERENCES 234 Chapter 11: Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides in Biofilm Formation and Function 240 INTRODUCTION 240 AGGREGATIVE POLYSACCHARIDES 241 PROTECTIVE POLYSACCHARIDES 246 ARCHITECTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES 250 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 254 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 255 CITATION 255 REFERENCES 255 Chapter 12: The Biology of the Escherichia coli Extracellular Matrix 266 BASIC HISTORY, PHYLOGENY, AND HABITATS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 266 INTRODUCTION TO BIOFILMS AND THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 268 LABORATORY BIOFILM MODELS 268 CsgD-MEDIATED CONTROL OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 270 HISTORY OF CURLI 272 THE CURLI BIOGENESIS PATHWAY 272 CHEMICAL AND PROTEIN MODULATION OF CsgA AMYLOID FORMATION 273 CELLULOSE PRODUCTION 273 CONCLUSIONS AND THOUGHTS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 276 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 277 CITATION 277 REFERENCES 277 Chapter 13: Antimicrobial Tolerance in Biofilms 286 EXAMPLES OF REDUCED BIOFILM SUSCEPTIBILITY 286 FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOFILM SUSCEPTIBILITY 287 MECHANISMS OF BIOFILM ANTIMICROBIAL TOLERANCE 293 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 298 CITATION 298 REFERENCES 298 Chapter 14: How Biofilms Evade Host Defenses 304 INTRODUCTION 304 BIOFILM FORMATION 305 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION METHODS OF BIOFILM FORMATION 306 HOST DEFENSES AGAINST BIOFILMS 307 HOW BIOFILMS OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI EVADE HOST DEFENSES 309 HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT FINDINGS AND FUTURE QUESTIONS 313 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 313 CITATION 313 REFERENCES 313 Chapter 15: c-di-GMP and its Effects on Biofilm Formation and Dispersion: a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Review 318 BIOFILM FORMATION AND OTHER RELEVANT PHENOTYPES IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 318 INITIAL ATTACHMENT: REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE 320 BIOFILM MATURATION: MICROCOLONIES AND MACROCOLONIES 325 BRINGING IT FULL CIRCLE: c-di-GMP-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL 327 CONCLUDING REMARKS 329 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 329 CITATION 329 REFERENCES 329 Chapter 16: Mechanisms of Competition in Biofilm Communities 336 INTRODUCTION 336 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PARAMETERS OPERATING WITHIN BIOFILMS 337 MECHANISMS OF BIOFILM COMPETITION 341 EVOLUTION OF COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS 350 CONCLUDING REMARKS 352 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 353 CITATION 353 REFERENCES 353 Chapter 17: Dispersal from Microbial Biofilms 360 INTRODUCTION 360 THE MOTILE PHASE OF THE BIOFILM LIFE CYCLE 361 REGULATION AND COORDINATION IN SEEDING DISPERSAL 364 EFFECTORS OF DISPERSAL 366 DISPERSAL CELLS PRESENT A SPECIALIZED PHENOTYPE 367 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF BIOFILM DISPERSAL 369 OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIOFILM CONTROL 371 CONCLUDING REMARKS 373 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 373 CITATION 373 REFERENCES 373 Chapter 18: Chemical Biology Strategies for Biofilm Control 380 SIGNALING PATHWAYS REGULATING BACTERIAL BIOFILM FORMATION 380 CHEMICAL BIOLOGY STRATEGIES TARGETING QS 381 CHEMICAL BIOLOGY STRATEGIES TARGETING c-di-GMP 383 SUMMARY 386 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 386 CITATION 386 REFERENCES 386 Chapter 19: From Biology to Drug Development: New Approaches to Combat the Threat of Fungal Biofilms 390 INTRODUCTION 390 FUNGAL BIOFILM DEVELOPMENT 391 MECHANISMS OF FUNGAL BIOFILM RESISTANCE 392 DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTICS TO COMBAT ANTIFUNGAL BIOFILMS AND TO OVERCOME BIOFILM ANTIFUNGAL DRUG RESISTANCE 393 NATURAL PRODUCTS 397 MODULATION OF QUORUM SENSING 397 TARGETING THE BIOFILM MATRIX 398 ANTIBODIES 399 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY 399 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 400 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 400 CITATION 400 REFERENCES 400 Index 406 Just Published! An examination of the research and translational application to prevent and treat biofilm-associated diseases In the decade since the first edition of Microbial Biofilms was published, the interest in this field has expanded, spurring breakthrough research that has advanced the treatment of biofilm-associated diseases. This second edition takes the reader on an exciting, extensive review of bacterial and fungal biofilms, ranging from basic molecular interactions to innovative therapies, with particular emphasis on the division of labor in biofilms, new approaches to combat the threat of microbial biofilms, and how biofilms evade the host defense. Chapters written by established investigators cover recent findings, and contributions from investigators new to the field provide unique and fresh insights. Specifically, Microbial Biofilms is a useful reference for researchers and clinicians. It will also provide insight in the dynamic field of microbial biofilms for graduate and postgraduate students. “Biofilms influence human health and agriculture, and sustain diverse ecosystems. This second edition of Microbial Biofilms provides a masterful overview of critical topics central to fungal and bacterial biofilms by celebrated experts in the field. It is a must read for any professional seeking basic or advanced knowledge of microbial biofilms.” — David S. Perlin, Professor and Executive Director, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University Mahmoud A. Ghannoum is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology at Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Director of the Center for Medical Mycology. Dr. Ghannoum’s investigations include the biology, pathogenesis, and resistance of clinically important fungi Candida , Aspergillus , and Cryptococcus , and his work has recently focused on the oral microbiome, fungal species, and human disease. He has published more than 300 peer-reviewed articles in the field of biofilms, microbial pathogenesis, and preclinical in vitro and in vivo evaluations of antimicrobials. Matthew Parsek is a Professor of Microbiology at the University of Washington, School of Medicine at Seattle. Dr. Parsek’s research focuses on microbial community behaviors and their relationship to disease. Marvin Whiteley is the Director of the Center for Infectious Disease and a fellow of the John Ring LaMontagne Chair in Infectious Diseases and Global Health at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Whiteley’s research focuses on understanding how microbes within infection sites cooperate to cause disease. Pranab Mukherjee is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dermatology at Case Western Reserve University. Dr. Mukherjee has extensive experience in fungal pathogenesis and microbial biofilms, including analyses of their biochemical and molecular pathways using systems biology approaches. He also studies the human microbiome (bacteriome and mycobiome) in health and disease, including HIV-infection, corneal infections, inflammatory bowel disease, eczema, and psoriasis. He advises pharmaceutical companies in antifungal drug development . Hardcover, 404 pages, full-color illustrations, index. "In the decade since the first edition of Microbial Biofilms was published, the interest in this field has expanded, spurring breakthrough research that has advanced the treatment of biofilm-associated diseases. This second edition takes the reader on an exciting, extensive review of bacterial and fungal biofilms, ranging from basic molecular interactions to innovative therapies, with particular emphasis on the division of labor in biofilms, new approaches to combat the threat of microbial biofilms, and how biofilms evade the host defense. Chapters written by established investigators cover recent findings, and contributions from investigators new to the field provide unique and fresh insights. Specifically, Microbial Biofilms provides state-of-the-art research in the field of bacterial and fungal biofilms, detailed descriptions of the in vitro and in vivo models available to evaluate microbial biofilms, and information on future areas of research and their translational and clinical applications. Microbial Biofilms is a useful reference for researchers and clinicians. It will also provide insight into the dynamic field of microbial biofilms for graduate and postgraduate students"-- Provided by publisher