Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology

" Microextraction techniques in analytical toxicology" provides the information readers need to include about cutting-edge sample preparation techniques into their everyday analytical practice, including comprehensive information about principle and state-of-art on microextraction sample preparation techniques for analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens especially in forensic and clinical settings. The book also focuses on theoretical discussion of solid-based and liquid-based microextraction techniques, their method development, validation, and applications. A detailed compilation of analytical protocols based on published microextraction procedures to aid in method development, synthesis, and application of green solvents (ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents) and new sorbents such as molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in microextraction techniques are also covered. Features: Provides a systematic review of microextraction techniques applied in analytical toxicology. A comprehensive guide for practical implementation of microextraction techniques in forensic, clinical and analytical laboratories. Contains figures and tables for easy understanding and quick adaptation of parameters of microextraction techniques. Fundamentals, development, and applications of microextraction techniques as a sample preparation procedure are discussed in detail. Extremely useful for the researchers and academicians engaged in the analytical method development using microextraction techniques. This book appeals to a wide readership of forensic, clinical, and analytical toxicologists, academicians, and researchers. Written by eminent scientists and leading experts on sample preparation techniques, this book serves as a desk reference for routine laboratory analysis and an indispensable teaching tool in the classrooms for graduate and Ph.D. students. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Editors' Biographies List of Contributors 1. Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology: An Overview 1.1 Introduction to Analytical Toxicology 1.2 Nature of Specimens in Analytical Toxicology 1.2.1 Blood 1.2.2 Urine 1.2.3 Saliva / Oral Fluid 1.2.4 Hair and Nails 1.2.5 Vitreous Humour (VH) 1.2.6 Liver 1.2.7 Stomach Contents 1.2.8 Other Tissues 1.3 Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology: Classification, Theory, and Practical Applications 1.3.1 Classification of Microextraction Techniques Used in Analytical Toxicology 1.3.2 Theoretical Considerations 1.3.2.1 Solvent-Based Microextraction 1.3.2.2 Sorbent-Based Microextraction 1.3.3 Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques 1.3.3.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) 1.3.3.2 Micro Solid-Phase Microextraction (μSPE) 1.3.3.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) 1.3.3.4 Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) 1.3.3.5 Electromembrane Extraction (EME) 1.3.3.6 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE) 1.3.3.7 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Microextraction 1.3.4 Solvent-Based Microextraction Techniques 1.3.4.1 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME) 1.3.4.2 Liquid-Phase Microextraction (LPME) 1.3.4.3 Ionic Liquid-Based Microextraction 1.3.4.4 Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction 1.4 Conclusion and Future Trends References 2. Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Applications of SPME in Analytical Toxicology 2.2.1 Analysis of Pesticides 2.2.2 Analysis of Benzodiazepines 2.2.3 Analysis of Amphetamines and Related Substances 2.2.4 Analysis of Cannabinoids 2.2.5 Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites 2.2.6 Analysis of Opium Alkaloids and Opiates 2.2.7 Analysis of Therapeutic Drugs 2.2.8 Analysis of Volatile and Other Toxicants 2.3 Conclusion Reference 3. Applications of Micro Solid-Phase Extraction in Analytical Toxicology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dispersive μSPE 3.3 Porous Membrane-Protected μSPE 3.4 Pipette Tip Micro Solid-Phase Extraction 3.5 Spin-Column Micro Solid-Phase Extraction (SC-μSPE) 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References 4. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction in Analytical Toxicology Studies 4.1 Introduction 4.2 SBSE Principles 4.2.1 SBSE Methodology 4.2.2 SBSE Applications in Toxicology Studies 4.2.3 SBSE Optimization Factors 4.2.4 SBSE Advantages, Limitations, and Novel Strategies 4.2.5 Novel Coatings 4.3 Conclusions References 5. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent 5.1 Introduction: Fundamental Theory 5.2 Configurations and Sorbents 5.3 Sample Preparation Process 5.4 Applications in Toxicology 5.5 New Developments 5.6 Perspectives and Future Challenges Acknowledgments References 6. Thin-Film Solid-Phase Microextraction: Applications in Analytical Toxicology 6.1 Theory of TF-SPME 6.1.1 Introduction and Fundamentals 6.1.2 Main Optimizations for TF-SPME 6.2 Coating Preparation Methods for TF-SPME 6.2.1 Dip Coating 6.2.2 Spin Coating 6.2.3 Spray Coating 6.2.4 Electrospinning Coating 6.3 Application of TF-SPME in Analytical Toxicology 6.3.1 Urine Samples 6.3.2 Blood (Plasma/Serum) 6.3.3 Other Matrices Evaluated by TF-SPME 6.4 Conclusion References 7. Application of Single Drop Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Strategy of Microextraction 7.2.1 Complexity of Biological Samples 7.2.2 Single Drop Microextraction 7.2.3 Drop Protection 7.3 Modes of Extraction and Applications 7.3.1 Direct Immersion SDME 7.3.2 Headspace SDME 7.3.3 Three-Phase SDME 7.4 Recent Advances 7.4.1 Newer Solvents 7.4.2 Automation 7.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 8. Applications of Liquid-Phase Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Liquid-Phase Microextraction Configurations 8.2.1 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME) 8.2.2 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 8.2.3 Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) 8.2.4 Microfluidic LPME 8.3 Applications of LPME in Toxicology 8.3.1 Analysis of Amphetamines 8.3.2 Analysis of Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs 8.3.3 Analysis of Opium Alkaloids, Opiates, and Other Alkaloids 8.3.4 Analysis of Cannabinoids 8.3.5 Analysis of Antidepressant Drugs 8.3.6 Analysis of Hallucinogens 8.3.7 Comparison between DLLME Methods 8.4 Conclusions References 9. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Its Variants 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Variants of DLLME 9.2.1 Based on Extraction Solvents 9.2.1.1 Ionic Liquid-Based DLLME (IL-DLLME) 9.2.1.2 Low-Density Solvent-Based DLLME (LDS-DLLME, DLLME-SFO) 9.2.2 Based on Dispersion Solvents 9.2.2.1 Auxiliary Dispersion Solvents 9.2.2.2 Surfactant as Dispersion Solvent 9.2.3 Assistance-Based Modification of DLLME 9.2.3.1 Solid-Phase Extraction DLLME (SPE-DLLME) 9.2.3.2 Molecularly Imprinted SPE-DLLME (MISPE-DLLME) 9.2.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted DLLME (UA-DLLME) 9.2.3.4 Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction DLLME (SALLE-DLLME) 9.2.3.5 Miscellaneous Modifications in DLLME 9.3 Applications of DLLME and Its Variants 9.3.1 Analysis of Urine 9.3.2 Analysis of Blood, Plasma, and Serum 9.3.3 Analysis of Tissue and Viscera 9.3.4 Analysis of Saliva 9.3.5 Miscellaneous Applications of DLLME 9.4 Conclusion and Future Trends References 10. Electromembrane Extraction in Analytical Toxicology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principle, EME Setup, and Procedure 10.3 Parameters Influencing Flux of Analytes across SLM 10.3.1 Composition (Organic Solvent) of SLM, Viscosity, and Thickness 10.3.2 Extraction Voltage and Time 10.3.3 pH of Donor and Acceptor Phases 10.3.4 Volume of Sample and Acceptor Solution 10.3.5 Agitation/Stirring Speed 10.3.6 Presence of Salt/Salt Effect 10.3.7 Temperature 10.4 Technical Developments in EME 10.4.1 On-Chip EME 10.4.2 Low-Voltage EME 10.4.3 Drop-to-Drop EME 10.4.4 Pulsed EME 10.4.5 EME Followed by Low-Density Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Micro-Extraction (EME-LDS-USAEME) 10.4.6 Parallel EME (Pa-EME) 10.4.7 EME Using Free Liquid Membranes (FLMs) 10.4.8 Gel-Electromembrane Extraction (G-EME) 10.5 Applications 10.5.1 Extraction of Thebaine 10.5.2 Extraction of Six Basic Drugs 10.5.3 Extraction of Mebendazole 10.5.4 Extraction of Nalmefene and Naltrexone 10.5.5 Extraction of Citalopram, Loperamide, Methadone, and Sertraline from Dried Blood Spots 10.5.6 Extraction of Six Basic Drugs of Abuse 10.5.7 Extraction of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants from Human Urine 10.5.8 Extraction of Lithium from Human Body Fluids 10.5.9 Extraction of Heavy Metal Cations 10.5.10 Extraction of Nerve Agent Degradation Products 10.5.11 Extraction of Chlorophenols from Sea Water 10.6 Conclusion References 11. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction in Analytical Toxicology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Applications of FPSE in Analytical Toxicology 11.2.1 Extraction of Benzodiazepines 11.2.2 Extraction of Azole Antimicrobial Drug Residues 11.2.3 Extraction of Aromatase Inhibitors 11.2.4 Extraction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment Drugs 11.2.5 Extraction of Antidepressant Drugs 11.2.6 Extraction of Penicillin Antibiotics 11.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives of FPSE in Analytical Toxicology References 12. Sorbent-Based Microextraction Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Synthesis 12.2.1 Covalent Imprinting Method 12.2.2 Non-Covalent Imprinting Method 12.2.3 Semi-Covalent Imprinting Method 12.3 Application in Analytical Toxicology 12.3.1 Miniaturized Solid-Phase Extraction 12.3.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction 12.3.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction 12.3.4 Miscellaneous 12.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 13. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Microextraction 13.1 Introduction 13.2 IL-Based Microextraction Techniques 13.2.1 IL-DLLME (Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction) 13.2.2 IL-SDME (Ionic Liquid Single Drop Microextraction) 13.2.3 IL-SPME (Ionic Liquid Solid-Phase Microextraction) 13.2.4 IL-SBSE (Ionic Liquid Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) 13.2.5 IL-SCSE (Ionic Liquid Stir Cake Sorptive Extraction) 13.3 Application of IL-Based Microextraction Techniques 13.4 Conclusion References 14. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Concise Overview 14.2.1 Structure of Deep Eutectic Solvents 14.2.2 Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents 14.3 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Microextraction of Drugs and Poisons from Biological Matrices 14.3.1 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Liquid-Based Microextraction Methods 14.3.2 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Solid-Based Microextraction Methods 14.3.3 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Combined Microextraction Methods 14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 15. Hyphenation of Derivatization with Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Overview of Microextraction Techniques Coupled with Derivatization 15.2.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) 15.2.2 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 15.2.3 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME) 15.2.4 Liquid-Phase Microextraction (LPME) 15.2.5 Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction Technique (HF-LPME) 15.3 Derivatization Techniques and Their Various Modes 15.3.1 Derivatization Techniques for Gas Chromatography 15.3.2 Derivatization Techniques for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 15.3.2.1 Fluorescent Derivatization 15.3.2.2 UV Derivatization 15.4 Application of Combination of Derivatization with Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology 15.4.1 Water Samples 15.4.2 Urine Samples 15.4.3 Other Biological Samples 15.4.4 Application on Other Sample Matrixes 15.5 Conclusion References Index ""Microextraction techniques in analytical toxicology" provides the information readers need to include about cutting-edge sample preparation techniques into their everyday analytical practice, including comprehensive information about principle and state-of-art on microextraction sample preparation techniques for analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens especially in forensic and clinical settings. The book also focuses on theoretical discussion of solid-based and liquid-based microextraction techniques, their method development, validation, and applications. A detailed compilation of analytical protocols based on published microextraction procedures to aid in method development, synthesis, and application of green solvents (ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents) and new sorbents such as molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in microextraction techniques are also covered. Features: Provides a systematic review of microextraction techniques applied in analytical toxicology. A comprehensive guide for practical implementation of microextraction techniques in forensic, clinical and analytical laboratories. Contains figures and tables for easy understanding and quick adaptation of parameters of microextraction techniques. Fundamentals, development, and applications of microextraction techniques as a sample preparation procedure are discussed in detail. Extremely useful for the researchers and academicians engaged in the analytical method development using microextraction techniques. This book appeals to a wide readership of forensic, clinical, and analytical toxicologists, academicians, and researchers. Written by eminent scientists and leading experts on sample preparation techniques, this book serves as a desk reference for routine laboratory analysis and an indispensable teaching tool in the classrooms for graduate and Ph.D. students"-- Provided by publisher Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology provides the information readers need to include about cutting-edge sample preparation techniques into their everyday analytical practice, including comprehensive information about principles and state-of-the-art microextraction sample preparation techniques for the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens, especially in forensic and clinical settings.This book also focuses on theoretical discussions of solid-based and liquid-based microextraction techniques, their method development, validation, and applications. A detailed compilation of analytical protocols based on published microextraction procedures to aid in method development, synthesis, and the application of green solvents (ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents) and new sorbents, such as molecularly imprinted polymers, and their application in microextraction techniques are also covered.Features: Provides a systematic review of microextraction techniques applied in analytical toxicology A comprehensive guide for the practical implementation of microextraction techniques in forensic, clinical, and analytical laboratories Contains figures and tables for easy understanding and quick adaptation of the parameters of microextraction techniques Fundamentals, development, and applications of microextraction techniques as a sample preparation procedure are discussed in detail Extremely useful for the researchers and academicians engaged in analytical method development using microextraction techniques This book appeals to a wide readership of forensic, clinical, and analytical toxicologists, as well as academicians and researchers. Written by eminent scientists and leading experts on sample preparation techniques, this book serves as a desk reference for routine laboratory analysis and as an indispensable teaching tool in the classroom for graduate and Ph.D. students.