Microwave Circulator Design, Second Edition

Circulator design has advanced significantly since the first edition of this book was published 25 years ago. The objective of this second edition is to present theory, information, and design procedures that will enable microwave engineers and technicians to design and build circulators successfully. This resource contains a discussion of the various units used in the circulator design computations, as well as covers the theory of operation. This book presents numerous applications, giving microwave engineers new ideas about how to solve problems using circulators. Design examples are provided, which demonstrate how to apply the information to real-world design tasks. Microwave Circulator Design Second Edition Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Theory of Operation 1.1 Units, Conversions, and Symbols 1.2 The Physical Basis of Ferrimagnetism 1.3 Ferrimagnetic Resonance 1.4 Microwave Propagation in Ferrites 1.5 Other Technologies 1.5.1 Semiconductor Circulators 1.5.2 Nanotechnology Circulators 1.5.3 Thin Ferrite Films 1.5.4 Active Circulators References 2 Circulator Specification 2.1 The Parameters 2.2 Reflections and Segmentation 2.3 Junction Circulators 2.3.1 Single- Ferrite (Non- Composite) Junction Circulators 2.3.2 Composite- Ferrite Junction Circulators 2.4 Lumped- Constant Circulators 2.5 Differential Phase Shift Circulators 2.6 Switching Circulators 2.7 Okada Circulators 2.8 Field- Displacement Isolators 2.9 Resonance Isolators References 3 Applications of Circulators 3.1 Load Isolation 3.2 Duplexing 3.3 Multiplexing 3.4 Parametric Amplifiers 3.5 Phase Shifting References 4 Material Selection 4.1 Ferrites 4.1.1 Ferrite Classes 4.1.2 Ferrite Manufacturing 4.1.3 Design Considerations 4.1.4 Test Methods 4.1.5 Specifications 4.1.6 Temperature Effects 4.1.7 Ferrite Selection 4.2 Magnet Selection 4.3 Magnetic Compensating Material Selection 4.4 Dielectric Selection 4.5 Metals Selection References 5 Electrical Design 5.1 Junction Circulators 5.1.1 Basic Principles 5.1.2 Historical Papers 5.1.3 Above- Resonance Approximations 5.1.4 Below- Resonance Approximations 5.1.5 Network Synthesis 5.1.6 Center Conductor Geometries 5.1.7 Waveguide Junction Geometries 5.1.8 Stripline Circulator Synthesis Algorithm 5.1.9 Microstrip Circulator Synthesis Algorithm 5.1.10 Waveguide Junction Circulator Synthesis Algorithm 5.1.11 Okada Circulators 5.1.12 Circulators Having Composite Ferrites 5.2 Lumped- Constant Circulators 5.3 Differential Phase Shift Circulators 5.4 Resonance Isolators 5.5 Dummy Loads for Isolators 5.6 Temperature Effects 5.7 Intermodulation Distortion 5.8 RF Power Effects 5.8.1 Steady- State Thermal Effects 5.8.2 Transient Thermal Effects 5.8.3 Voltage Breakdown 5.8.4 Spin- Wave Instability References 6 Magnetic Design 6.1 Magnet Sizing 6.1.1 Ferrite Demagnetization Factors 6.1.2 Leakage Flux Approximation 6.1.3 Approximate Design of Magnetic Circuits 6.1.4 Simulation of Magnetic Circuits 6.2 Shielding 6.3 Temperature Compensation 6.4 Completing the Circuit 6.5 Special Cases 6.5.1 Switching Circulators 6.5.2 Self-Biased Circulators 6.5.3 Considerations for Microstrip Circulators References 7 Mechanical Design 7.1 Thermal Considerations 7.1.1 Stripline Power Handling 7.1.2 Power Dissipation in Ferrites 7.1.3 Cooling of Ferrites 7.2 Venting 7.3 Coaxial Junction Circulators 7.3.1 Packaging Techniques 7.3.2 Dimensional Tolerances 7.3.3 Controlling Cavity Resonances 7.3.4 Transitions 7.3.5 RFI Control 7.3.6 Dissimilar Metals 7.3.7 Finishes 7.4 Lumped-Constant Circulators 7.5 Waveguide Circulators 7.6 Resonance Isolators References 8 Assembly and Testing 8.1 Assembly Techniques 8.2 Testing 8.2.1 Finding the Operating Point 8.2.2 Taking Data 8.2.3 RF Power Testing 8.2.4 Intermodulation Testing 8.2.5 Multipaction Testing 8.2.6 Magnetic Moment Measurement 8.2.7 Measurement Uncertainty and Gauge Studies References 9 Tuning 9.1 Interaction Between Magnetic and Eletrical Adjustments 9.2 Magnetic Adjustment 9.2.1 Above-Resonance Magnetic Adjustment 9.2.2 Below-Resonance Magnetic Adjustment 9.2.3 Magnet Charging, Calibration, and Stabilization 9.3 Electrical Adjustment 9.4 Eigenvalue Evaluation References 10 Design Examples 10.1 Introduction to Examples 10.2 Above-Resonance Stripline Junction Circulator 10.3 Below-Resonance Stripline Junction Circulator 10.4 Waveguide Junction Circulator 10.5 Microstrip Circulator 10.6 Differential Phase Shift Circulator 10.7 Lumped-Constant Circulator Reference List of Symbols Frequently Used Equations About the Author Index Circulator design has advanced significantly since the first edition of this book was published 25 years ago. The objective of this second edition is to present theory, information, and design procedures that will enable microwave engineers and technicians to design and build circulators successfully. This resource contains a discussion of the various units used in circulator design computations and also covers the theory of operation. This book provides numerous applications that present microwave engineers with new ideas for solving problems using circulators and design examples that demonstrate how to apply the information to real-world design tasks. Contents Overview: Theory of Operation, Circulator Specification, Applications of Circulators, Material Selection, Electrical Design, Magnetic Design, Mechanical Design, Assembly and Testing, Tuning, Design Examples, Frequently Used Equations Book jacket Intends to present theory, information, and design procedures that may enable microwave engineers and technicians to design and build circulators successfully. This book presents numerous applications, giving microwave engineers new ideas about how to solve problems using circulators. It also provides design examples.