Microwave Photonics

Overview of techniques in the field of microwave photonics, including recent developments in quantum microwave photonics and integrated microwave photonics Microwave Photonics offers a comprehensive overview of the microwave photonic techniques developed in the last 30 years, covering topics such as photonics generation of microwave signals, photonics processing of microwave signals, photonics distribution of microwave signals, photonic generation and distribution of UWB signals, photonics generation and processing of arbitrary microwave waveforms, photonic true time delay beamforming for phased array antennas, photonics-assisted instantaneous microwave frequency measurement, quantum microwave photonics, analog-to-digital conversion and more. The text is supported by a companion website for instructors, including learning objectives and questions/problems to further enhance student learning. Written by key researchers in the field, Microwave Photonics includes information on: Group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects in fibers, light coherence in light sources, phase and intensity modulators, photodetectors, and fiber Bragg gratings Injection locking, phase lock loops, external modulation, opto-electronic oscillators, and array waveguide gratings Photonic microwave delay-line filters with negative and complex coefficients and non-uniformly spaced photonic microwave delay-line filters Double- and single-sideband modulation, radio over fiber networks, and microwave photonics to coherent communication systems UWB generation, coding, and distribution over fiber, and instantaneous microwave frequency measurement via power monitoring True time delay beamforming Exploring the subject in depth, with expansive coverage of techniques developed in the last 30 years, Microwave Photonics is an essential reference for graduate students and researchers to learn microwave photonic technologies. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Authors About the Companion Website Chapter 1 Introduction to Microwave Photonics 1.1 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 1.2 Photonic Microwave Signal Processing 1.3 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 1.4 Photonic Generation of Ultra-wideband Signals 1.5 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 1.6 Microwave Photonic Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 1.7 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Microwave Frequency Measurements 1.8 Microwave Photonic Sensors 1.9 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 1.10 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 1.11 Quantum Microwave Photonics 1.12 Integrated Microwave Photonics 1.13 Applications of Microwave Photonics Chapter 2 Optical Devices for Microwave Photonics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 2.2.1 Structure and Geometry of Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 2.2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Theory for Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 2.2.3 Propagation in Optical Fibers 2.2.4 Propagation in Planar Dielectric Waveguides 2.3 Light Sources, Detectors, and Modulators 2.3.1 Fundamentals of the Interaction Between Radiation and Matter 2.3.2 Semiconductor Materials for Optical Sources and Detectors 2.3.3 Optical Sources 2.3.4 Optical Detectors 2.3.5 Optical Modulators 2.4 Fiber Bragg Gratings 2.4.1 Theory and Design of Fiber Bragg Grating Filters 2.4.2 Performance Characteristics of FBGs 2.5 Array Waveguide Gratings 2.6 Other Passive Components 2.6.1 2x2 Couplers 2.6.2 Isolators 2.6.3 Circulators 2.7 Chapter Summary References Chapter 3 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Optical Injection Locking 3.3 Optical Phase-Locked Loop 3.4 Optical Injection Phase Locking 3.5 Microwave Generation Based on External Modulation 3.5.1 Intensity Modulator-Based Approach 3.5.2 Phase-Modulator-Based Approach 3.6 Microwave Generation Using a Dual-Wavelength Laser 3.7 Microwave Generation Using an Optoelectronic Oscillator 3.8 Performance Comparison of the Techniques for Photonic Microwave Generation 3.9 Summary References Chapter 4 Photonic-Assisted Microwave Signal Processing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microwave Photonic Filters 4.2.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Negative Coefficients 4.2.2 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Complex Coefficients 4.2.3 Nonuniformly Spaced Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters 4.3 Optical Mixing of Microwave Signals 4.4 Coherent Microwave Photonic Filters 4.5 Dynamic Range of a Microwave Photonic Filter 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Introduction to Microwave Photonics Links 5.3 .Figures of Merit of a Simple Microwave Photonic Link 5.3.1 RF Gain 5.3.2 Noise 5.3.3 Dynamic Range 5.4 .Figures of Merit of a Filtered Microwave Photonic Link 5.4.1 Filtered Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Links 5.4.2 Filtered Phase Modulated Links 5.4.3 Application Examples 5.5 Introduction to Fiber-Wireless Systems 5.6 Optical Transport of Wireless Signals 5.6.1 Radio Over Fiber 5.6.2 Intermediate Frequency Over Fiber 5.6.3 Baseband Over Fiber 5.7 Sources of Degradation and Impairments 5.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion 5.7.2 Optical Nonlinearities 5.8 Fiber-Wireless Networks 5.8.1 Spectral Efficiency 5.8.2 Optical Subsystems for Fiber-Wireless Networks 5.8.3 Application Scenarios 5.9 Chapter Summary Problems References Chapter 6 Photonic Generation of Ultra-Wideband Signals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion 6.2.1 Optical Phase Modulation 6.2.2 PM-IM Conversion 6.2.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in a Dispersive Device 6.2.4 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in an Optical Frequency Discriminator 6.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay Line Filter 6.3.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters for UWB Pulse Generation 6.3.2 UWB Monocycle Generation with a Two-Tap Microwave Delay-Lines Filter 6.3.3 UWB Doublet Generation with a Three-Tap Microwave Delay-Line Filter 6.4 UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 6.4.1 UWB Pulse Generation Based on Optical Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 6.4.2 Implementation of All-Fiber UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 6.5 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 7 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 7.3 Spectral-Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 7.4 Temporal Pulse Shaping 7.5 Microwave Waveform Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filter 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Microwave Photonics Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic Concepts on Phased Array Antennas 8.2.1 Principles of Operation 8.2.2 Design Parameters 8.2.3 PAA Feed Architectures 8.3 True Time Delay Optical Beamforming Networks 8.4 Phase-Shift Optical Beamforming Networks 8.5 Summary and Conclusions Problems References Chapter 9 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurements 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 9.2.1 Optical Phased-Array WDM 9.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 9.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 9.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 9.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 9.3.1 Chromatic Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 9.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 9.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 9.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 9.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 9.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 9.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 9.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 9.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 9.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Microwave Photonic Sensors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Optical Sensors Based on a Dual-Wavelength Laser Source 10.3 Optical Sensors Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator 10.4 Optical Sensors Based on Spectrum Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 10.5 Photonic Integrated Microwave Photonic Sensors 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Basic Concepts on Analog-to-Digital Converters 11.2.1 Types of Converters 11.2.2 Operation Principles of the Nyquist ADC 11.2.3 State of the Art of Electronic ADCs 11.2.4 Classification of Photonic ADCs 11.3 Photonic-Assisted ADCs 11.3.1 Classification of Photonic-Assisted ADCs 11.3.2 Optically Clocked Track-and-Hold Circuits 11.3.3 Optical Replication Pre-Processors 11.3.4 Optical Time-Stretched Pre-Processors 11.4 Photonic Sampled/Electronic Quantized ADCs 11.5 Electronic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 11.6 Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 11.6.1 Classification of Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized Converters 11.6.2 Intensity Modulation and Conversion 11.6.3 Intensity Modulation and Optical Comparator 11.6.4 Phase Modulation and Optical Beam Deflection 11.7 .Chapter Summary Problems References Chapter 12 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Models for Optoelectronic Oscillators 12.3 Parity-Time Symmetric OEO 12.4 Fourier Domain Mode-Locked OEO 12.5 OEPO 12.6 Broad Random OEO 12.7 Integrated OEO 12.8 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 13 Integrated Microwave Photonics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Integration Technologies and Platforms 13.2.1 Indium Phosphide 13.2.2 Silicon Photonics 13.2.3 Silicon Nitride 13.2.4 Other Platforms 13.2.5 Comparative Analysis 13.3 Application-Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for Microwave Photonics 13.3.1 Filters 13.3.2 Microwave Signal Generators 13.3.2.1 Optoelectronic Oscillators 13.3.2.2 Comb Sources 13.3.2.3 IR-UWB Generators 13.3.2.4 Arbitrary Waveform Generators 13.3.3 Tunable True Time Delay Lines and Phase Shifters 13.3.4 Optical Beamforming 13.4 Multifunctional Circuits 13.5 Universal Microwave Photonic Processors 13.5.1 Early Designs 13.5.2 Waveguide Mesh Core Processors 13.5.3 Waveguide Mesh MWP Universal Processors 13.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 14 Quantum Microwave Photonics 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Principle of the Single-Photon Detection Scheme 14.3 Weak Signal Detection 14.4 Quantum Microwave Photonic Signal Processing 14.5 Nonlocal Frequency-to-Time Mapping 14.6 Compressed Sensing 14.7 Microwave Photonic Quantum Key Distribution 14.8 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 15 Future and Perspectives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Future and Perspectives 15.3 Discussion and Conclusion References Index EULA