MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond

Discover current design practices and performance metrics in this comprehensive guide to the latest methods of developing MIMO antenna systems Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems use multiple sets of antennas to increase the capacity of a radio link, or to send and receive multiple simultaneous data signals over the same radio channel. It’s become an increasingly integral part of wireless and mobile data networks, from the earliest generations of wireless internet to cutting-edge 5G systems. The coming 6G networks will also rely on 6G antenna systems, making it all the more critical for the next generation of engineers and antenna designers to have a firm grasp of this foundational technology. MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond offers a timely introduction to these systems and their design principles. Incorporating the latest designs and a comprehensive overview of current system configurations, it provides complete design procedures and performance metrics for MIMO systems. The result is a one-stop shop for all MIMO applications and wireless standards. MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond readers will also find: The first book ever to cover MIMO design practices specific to 5G wireless communications―and beyond Detailed discussion of MIMO configurations including passive, reconfigurable, beamforming, and more Detailed illustrations and design files MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond is ideal for practicing engineers, as well as researchers in wireless and radio engineering sectors. fmatter Title Page Copyright Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments ch1 1.1 Wireless Technology Evolution 1.2 Benefits of MIMO Technology 1.3 Future Technology Trends 1.4 Book Organization References ch2 2.1 Performance Metrics for Conventional Antennas 2.1.1 Gain 2.1.2 Efficiency 2.1.3 Polarization 2.2 Performance Metrics of MIMO Antenna Systems 2.2.1 MIMO Channel 2.2.2 MIMO Capacity 2.2.2.1 Capacity of the Frequency Flat MIMO Channel 2.2.2.2 Capacity of the Frequency‐Selective MIMO Channels 2.2.3 Isolation 2.2.4 Correlation Coefficient 2.2.4.1 Correlation Matrix 2.2.4.2 Correlation Coefficient 2.2.5 Total Active Reflection Coefficient 2.2.5.1 Generalized Scattering Matrix 2.2.5.2 TARC Calculation 2.2.6 Mean Effective Gain and Diversity Gain 2.2.6.1 Mean Effective Gain 2.2.7 Diversity Combining Methods 2.2.7.1 Diversity Gain 2.2.7.2 System Model of Receiver Diversity 2.2.7.3 Selection Combining 2.2.7.4 Threshold Combining 2.2.7.5 Equal‐Gain Combining 2.2.7.6 Maximal‐Ratio Combining 2.3 MIMO Antenna Characterization Methods 2.3.1 Assessment Using the S‐Parameters 2.3.1.1 Normalized Coupling 2.3.1.2 Correlation and Diversity Gain 2.3.1.3 Mean MIMO Capacity in Rayleigh Environment 2.3.2 Anechoic Chamber Characterization 2.3.2.1 MIMO Capacity 2.3.2.2 MRC Diversity Gain 2.3.3 Reverberation Chamber Characterization 2.3.3.1 Reverberation Chamber Versus Anechoic Chamber – on MIMO Performance Characterization 2.3.3.2 MRC Diversity Gain 2.3.3.3 MIMO Capacity and Correlation Coefficient 2.4 Summary References ch3 3.1 Impedance‐Matching Networks 3.1.1 Single‐Stub Impedance Matching 3.1.2 Double‐Stub Impedance Matching 3.1.3 Matching Networks Using Lumped Elements 3.1.3.1 Resistive L‐Section Matching Circuits 3.1.3.2 Reactive L‐Section Matching Circuits 3.2 Passive Feeding Networks 3.2.1 Microstrip Line Feed 3.2.2 Coaxial Probe Feed 3.2.3 Aperture Coupling Feed 3.2.4 Proximity (Electromagnetically) Coupled Feed 3.2.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed 3.3 Active Feed Networks 3.3.1 Open‐Loop Tuning 3.3.2 Closed‐Loop Tuning 3.3.3 PIN Diode Switches 3.3.4 Varactor‐Based Switching 3.3.5 RF MEMS‐Based Switching 3.4 Beamforming Networks 3.4.1 Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Beamforming Networks 3.4.2 Passive and Active Beamforming Networks 3.4.3 Architecture Example: Transmit Phase Array Beamformer 3.4.3.1 Broadband Wilkinson Divider Network and Single‐Ended to Differential Stage 3.4.3.2 Ultrawideband Active Phase Shifter and Variable Gain Amplifier 3.4.3.3 T‐Coil with Resistive Feedback Power Amplifier 3.4.4 Architecture Example: Ultrawideband Programmable Digital Beamforming Receiver 3.4.4.1 Reconfigurable Input Switching Network 3.4.4.2 Reconfigurable Output Combining Network 3.5 Summary References ch4 4.1 Single‐Band Implementations 4.1.1 MIMO Antenna for the FR1 Band 4.1.1.1 Dipole‐Based Antennas 4.1.1.2 Loop‐Based Antennas 4.1.1.3 Inverted‐F‐Based Antennas 4.1.2 MIMO Antennas in the FR2 Band 4.1.2.1 Dielectric Resonator‐Based Antenna 4.1.2.2 Microstrip‐Based Antenna 4.2 Multi‐Band MIMO Antennas 4.2.1 Higher‐Order Resonances 4.2.2 Resonant Trap 4.2.3 Multiple Resonant Structures 4.2.4 Parasitic Resonators 4.2.5 Example Implementations of Multiband MIMO Antennas 4.3 Wideband and Ultra‐Wide Band (UWB) MIMO Antennas 4.3.1 UWB MIMO Antenna for the Sub‐6 GHz Band 4.3.1.1 Vivaldi‐Based UWB Antennas 4.3.1.2 Monopole‐Based UWB Antennas 4.3.1.3 IFA‐Based MIMO Antennas 4.3.1.4 Dielectric Resonator‐Based UWB Antennas 4.3.1.5 Dipole‐Based Antennas 4.4 Practical Implementations 4.4.1 Single‐Band 5 GHz Linearly Polarized High Gain Patch Module Antenna 4.4.2 Multiband Antenna 4.4.3 Wideband/UWB Antenna 4.5 Design Examples 4.5.1 Antenna for the Sub‐6 GHz Band 4.5.2 Antenna for the Millimeter Wave Band 4.6 Summary References ch5 5.1 Frequency‐Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas 5.2 Pattern Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas 5.3 Polarization Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas 5.4 Challenges and Practical Considerations 5.5 CAD Modeling Example 5.6 Summary/Conclusion References ch6 6.1 Advantages of m‐MIMO 6.1.1 Spectrum Efficiency Improvement 6.1.2 Energy Efficiency Improvement 6.1.3 Air Interface Access Delay Reduction 6.1.4 Signal Processing Complexity Reduction 6.1.5 Expansion of System Coverage 6.1.6 Insensitive to Non‐Ideal Performance of Single Hardware 6.1.7 System Reliability Improvement 6.2 m‐MIMO Antenna Implementations 6.2.1 Implementation of the Antenna Unit 6.2.1.1 Loading Parasitic Structures 6.2.1.2 Change the Structure of the Antenna 6.2.1.3 Using High Dielectric Constant Dielectric 6.2.1.4 Metamaterial 6.2.2 Implementation of Antenna Array 6.2.2.1 In‐Band Antenna Array 6.2.2.2 Cross‐Band Antenna Array 6.3 5G Massive‐MIMO Array Example (Practical/Industry Related) 6.3.1 Huawei's 5G Blade Active Antenna Unit (AAU) Base Station 6.3.2 Ericsson's AIR 6488 5G m‐MIMO Base Station 6.3.3 Ericsson's Street Macro 6701 5G m‐MIMO Base Station 6.4 Challenges in m‐MIMO Antenna Designs 6.5 Conclusion References ch7 7.1 On‐Chip and On‐Package MIMO Antenna Systems 7.1.1 Antenna On‐Chip 7.1.2 Codesign of Antennas and Circuits 7.1.3 Benefits of On‐Chip Antennas 7.1.3.1 Non‐50 Ω Co‐Design 7.1.3.2 Fabrication 7.1.3.3 Size and Features 7.2 Millimeter‐Wave MIMO Antenna Systems 7.3 Sub‐THz Antennas 7.4 MTS 7.4.1 MTS in 5G Communication Systems and Beyond 7.4.1.1 Beam Manipulation 7.4.1.2 Time‐Modulated MTS 7.4.1.3 Non‐Reciprocal Transmit‐Receive MTS 7.5 Reflective Intelligent Surfaces 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 System Architecture 7.5.3 RIS‐Based Wireless Communication Prototypes 7.5.3.1 Electronic‐Based RIS Prototypes 7.5.3.2 Phase Change Material‐Based RIS Prototypes 7.5.3.3 Microfluidic‐Based RIS Prototypes 7.6 MIMO OAM 7.7 MIMO Antennas for Space Applications References ch8 8.1 Mutual Coupling and Its Impact on MIMO 8.1.1 Generation and Characterization of Mutual Coupling 8.1.1.1 Transmitting Mode 8.1.1.2 Receiving Mode 8.1.1.3 Coupling Path 8.1.2 Coupling Effects on MIMO Antenna Systems 8.1.2.1 Coupling Effects on Antenna Characteristics 8.1.2.2 Coupling on Correlation 8.1.2.3 Coupling on Axial Ratio 8.1.2.4 Coupling Effects on the Nonlinearity of Power Amplifiers 8.2 Decoupling Techniques 8.2.1 Linearly Polarized Arrays 8.2.1.1 Decoupling Networks 8.2.1.2 Defected Ground Structure 8.2.1.3 Neutralization Line 8.2.1.4 Metamaterial Structure 8.2.2 Dual Polarized Array 8.2.2.1 Array Antenna Decoupling Surface 8.2.2.2 Decoupling Ground 8.2.2.3 Dielectric Superstrate 8.2.2.4 SRR‐Loaded Baffles 8.2.2.5 Hybrid Decoupling Structures 8.2.3 Circularly Polarized Array 8.3 Challenges and Practical Considerations 8.4 Conclusions References ch9 9.1 Over‐the‐Air Tests in Reverberation Chamber 9.1.1 Total Radiated Power 9.1.2 Total Isotropic Sensitivity 9.1.3 Throughput Testing in RC 9.2 Multi‐Probe Anechoic Chamber 9.2.1 Algorithms for Channel Emulation in MPAC 9.2.1.1 Target Channel Model 9.2.1.2 PFS Method 9.2.1.3 PWS Method 9.2.2 Testing of UE in MPAC 9.2.2.1 Comparison of Channel Emulation Methods 9.2.2.2 Channel Emulation Accuracy 9.2.2.3 Requirements of UE Test System Design 9.2.2.4 3D Channel Model Emulation in MPAC 9.2.3 Testing of Massive BS in MPAC 9.2.3.1 Comparison of Channel Emulation Methods 9.2.3.2 Channel Emulation Accuracy 9.2.3.3 Requirements of 3D Massive BS Test System Design 9.3 Radiated Two‐Stage Method 9.3.1 Principle of Radiated Two‐Stage Method 9.3.1.1 Conducted Two‐Stage Method 9.3.1.2 RTS Method for MIMO OTA Test 9.3.2 Solution Method of Inverse Matrix 9.4 Other Testing Methods 9.4.1 Principle of Wireless Cable Method 9.4.1.1 Signal Model 9.4.2 Pros and Cons of Wireless Cable Method References index