Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy

Renowned for its comprehensive coverage and engaging, storytelling approach, the bestselling Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 9th Edition, guides students from initial anatomy and foundational science courses through clinical training and practice. A popular resource for a variety of programs, this proven text serves as a complete reference, emphasizing anatomy that is important in physical diagnosis for primary care, interpretation of diagnostic imaging, and understanding the anatomical basis of emergency medicine and general surgery. The 9th Edition reflects the latest changes in the clinical application of anatomy as well as preparation for the USMLE while maintaining the highest standards for scientific and clinical accuracy. NEW! Sex and gender content clarifies important gender considerations and reflects an equitable focus on female as well as male anatomy. Updated medical imaging and integrated surface anatomy within each chapter clearly demonstrates the relationship between anatomy, physical examination, and diagnosis. Extensively revised Clinical Blue Boxes highlight the practical applications of anatomy, accompanied by helpful icons, illustrations, and images that distinguish the type of clinical information covered. Updated introduction establishes the foundational understanding of systemic information and basic concepts essential to success from the classroom to the dissection lab. Revised comprehensive surface anatomy photographs ensure accurate, effective physical examination diagnoses with integrated natural views of unobstructed surface anatomy and illustrations superimposing anatomical structures with landmarks for more accurate physical examination. Insightfully rendered, anatomically accurate illustrations, combined with many photographs and medical images, strengthen comprehension of anatomical concepts and retention of "mental images" of anatomical structures. Bottom Line boxes provide detailed summaries at a glance and underscore the "big-picture" perspective. Illustrated tables clarify complex information about muscles, veins, arteries, nerves, and other structures for easy study and review. Chapter outlines help students find key information quickly and efficiently. Preface Acknowledgments List of Clinical Blue Boxes List of Tables Figure Credits References and Suggested Reading 1 OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS Approaches to Studying Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Clinical Anatomy Sex and Gender Anatomicomedical Terminology Anatomical Position Anatomical Planes Terms of Relationship and Comparison Terms of Laterality Terms of Movement Anatomical Variations Integumentary System Fascias, Fascial Compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces Skeletal System Cartilage and Bones Classification of Bones Bone Markings and Formations Bone Development Vasculature and Innervation of Bones Joints CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS JOINT VASCULATURE AND INNERVATION Muscle Tissue and Muscular System Types of Muscle (Muscle Tissue) Skeletal Muscles FORM, FEATURES, AND NAMING OF MUSCLES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES NERVES AND ARTERIES TO MUSCLES Cardiac Striated Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiovascular System Vascular Circuits Blood Vessels ARTERIES VEINS BLOOD CAPILLARIES Lymphoid System Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System TYPES OF NERVES SOMATIC AND VISCERAL FIBERS Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System SYMPATHETIC (THORACOLUMBAR) DIVISION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC (CRANIOSACRAL) DIVISION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM VISCERAL SENSATION Medical Imaging Techniques Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Ultrasonography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Medicine Imaging 2 BACK Overview of Back and Vertebral Column Vertebrae Structure and Function of Vertebrae Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE SURFACE ANATOMY OF CERVICAL AND THORACIC VERTEBRAE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE SACRUM COCCYX SURFACE ANATOMY OF LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, AND COCCYX Ossification of Vertebrae Variations in Vertebrae Vertebral Column Joints of Vertebral Column JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL BODIES JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL ARCHES ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS OF INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS CRANIOVERTEBRAL JOINTS Movements of Vertebral Column Curvatures of Vertebral Column Vasculature of Vertebral Column Nerves of Vertebral Column Muscles of Back Extrinsic Back Muscles Intrinsic Back Muscles SUPERFICIAL LAYER INTERMEDIATE LAYER DEEP LAYER PRINCIPAL MUSCLES PRODUCING MOVEMENTS OF INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles Contents of Vertebral Canal Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) SPINAL DURA MATER SPINAL ARACHNOID MATER SPINAL PIA MATER SUBARACHNOID SPACE Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots ARTERIES OF SPINAL CORD AND NERVE ROOTS VEINS OF SPINAL CORD 3 UPPER LIMB Overview of Upper Limb Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs Bones of Upper Limb Clavicle Scapula Humerus Bones of Forearm ULNA RADIUS Bones of Hand OSSIFICATION OF BONES OF HAND Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb Bones Fascia of Upper Limb Vessels and Nerves of Upper Limb Overview of Arterial Supply of Upper Limb Venous Drainage of Upper Limb SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF UPPER LIMB DEEP VEINS OF UPPER LIMB Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb Cutaneous and Motor Innervation of Upper Limb CUTANEOUS INNERVATION OF UPPER LIMB MOTOR INNERVATION OF UPPER LIMB Summary of Peripheral Nerves of Upper Limb Pectoral and Scapular Regions Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles Posterior Axio-Appendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR AXIO-APPENDICULAR (EXTRINSIC SHOULDER) MUSCLES DEEP POSTERIOR AXIO-APPENDICULAR (EXTRINSIC SHOULDER) MUSCLES SCAPULOHUMERAL (INTRINSIC SHOULDER) MUSCLES ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES Surface Anatomy of Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions Axilla Axillary Artery Axillary Vein Axillary Lymph Nodes Brachial Plexus Arm Muscles of Arm BICEPS BRACHII BRACHIALIS CORACOBRACHIALIS TRICEPS BRACHII ANCONEUS Brachial Artery PROFUNDA BRACHII ARTERY HUMERAL NUTRIENT ARTERY SUPERIOR ULNAR COLLATERAL ARTERY INFERIOR ULNAR COLLATERAL ARTERY Veins of Arm SUPERFICIAL VEINS DEEP VEINS Nerves of Arm MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE RADIAL NERVE MEDIAN NERVE ULNAR NERVE Cubital Fossa Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital Fossa Forearm Compartments of Forearm Muscles of Forearm FLEXOR–PRONATOR MUSCLES OF FOREARM EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF FOREARM Arteries of Forearm ULNAR ARTERY RADIAL ARTERY Veins of Forearm SUPERFICIAL VEINS DEEP VEINS Nerves of Forearm MEDIAN NERVE IN FOREARM ULNAR NERVE IN FOREARM RADIAL NERVE IN FOREARM LATERAL AND MEDIAL CUTANEOUS NERVES OF FOREARM Surface Anatomy of Forearm Hand Fascia and Compartments of Palm Muscles of Hand THENAR MUSCLES ADDUCTOR POLLICIS HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES SHORT MUSCLES OF HAND Long Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in Hand Arteries of Hand ULNAR ARTERY IN HAND RADIAL ARTERY IN HAND Veins of Hand Nerves of Hand MEDIAN NERVE IN HAND ULNAR NERVE IN HAND RADIAL NERVE IN HAND Surface Anatomy of Hand Joints of Upper Limb Sternoclavicular Joint ARTICULATION OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT LIGAMENTS OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT MOVEMENTS OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT NERVE SUPPLY OF STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT Acromioclavicular Joint ARTICULATION OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT LIGAMENTS AUGMENTING ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT MOVEMENTS OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT NERVE SUPPLY OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT Glenohumeral Joint ARTICULATION OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT LIGAMENTS OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT MOVEMENTS OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT MUSCLES MOVING GLENOHUMERAL JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT INNERVATION OF GLENOHUMERAL JOINT BURSAE AROUND GLENOHUMERAL JOINT SUBTENDINOUS BURSA OF SUBSCAPULARIS SUBACROMIAL BURSA Elbow Joint ARTICULATION OF ELBOW JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF ELBOW JOINT LIGAMENTS OF ELBOW JOINT MOVEMENTS OF ELBOW JOINT MUSCLES MOVING ELBOW JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF ELBOW JOINT NERVE SUPPLY OF ELBOW JOINT BURSAE AROUND ELBOW JOINT Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint ARTICULATION OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT LIGAMENTS OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT MOVEMENTS OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT MUSCLES MOVING PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT INNERVATION OF PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint ARTICULATION OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT LIGAMENTS OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT MOVEMENTS OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT MUSCLES MOVING DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT INNERVATION OF DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT Wrist Joint ARTICULATION OF WRIST JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF WRIST JOINT LIGAMENTS OF WRIST JOINT MOVEMENTS OF WRIST JOINT MUSCLES MOVING WRIST JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF WRIST JOINT INNERVATION OF WRIST JOINT Intercarpal Joints JOINT CAPSULE OF INTERCARPAL JOINTS LIGAMENTS OF INTERCARPAL JOINTS MOVEMENTS OF INTERCARPAL JOINTS BLOOD SUPPLY OF INTERCARPAL JOINTS INNERVATION OF INTERCARPAL JOINTS Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints ARTICULATIONS OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS JOINT CAPSULE OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS LIGAMENTS OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS MOVEMENTS OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS BLOOD SUPPLY OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS INNERVATION OF CARPOMETACARPAL AND INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints ARTICULATIONS OF METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS JOINT CAPSULES OF METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS LIGAMENTS OF METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS MOVEMENTS OF METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS BLOOD SUPPLY OF METACARPAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS INNERVATION OF METACARPAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS C L I N I C A LB O X JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB Dislocation of Sternoclavicular Joint Ankylosis of Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation of Acromioclavicular Joint FIGURE B3.33. Dislocation of acromioclavicular joint. Calcific Tendinitis of Shoulder FIGURE B3.34. Attrition of the supraspinatus tendon. Rotator Cuff Injuries Dislocation of Glenohumeral Joint FIGURE B3.35. Dislocation of glenohumeral joint. FIGURE B3.36. Axillary nerve injury. Glenoid Labrum Tears Adhesive Capsulitis of Glenohumeral Joint Bursitis of Elbow FIGURE B3.37. Subcutaneous olecranon bursitis. Avulsion of Medial Epicondyle FIGURE B3.38. Fracture and avulsion of medial epicondyle. Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction FIGURE B3.39. “Tommy John procedure” to repair torn ulnar collateral ligament. Dislocation of Elbow Joint FIGURE B3.40. Dislocation of elbow. Red arrow, direction of dislocation. Subluxation and Dislocation of Radial Head FIGURE B3.41. Dislocation (subluxation) of proximal radio-ulnar joint. Wrist Fractures and Dislocations FIGURE B3.42. Wrist fractures and dislocations. U, ulna; R, radius; E, radial epiphysis. Bull Rider’s Thumb Skier’s Thumb FIGURE B3.43. Hyperabduction of MP joint. The Bottom Line: Joints of Upper Limb Joints of pectoral girdle: Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint: Elbow joint: Radio-ulnar joints: Wrist joint: Joints of hand: 4 THORAX Overview of Thorax Thoracic Wall Skeleton of Thoracic Wall RIBS, COSTAL CARTILAGES, AND INTERCOSTAL SPACES THORACIC VERTEBRAE STERNUM Thoracic Apertures SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE Joints of Thoracic Wall COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS STERNOCOSTAL JOINTS Movements of Thoracic Wall Muscles of Thoracic Wall Fascia of Thoracic Wall Nerves of Thoracic Wall TYPICAL INTERCOSTAL NERVES ATYPICAL INTERCOSTAL NERVES Vasculature of Thoracic Wall ARTERIES OF THORACIC WALL VEINS OF THORACIC WALL Breasts FEMALE BREASTS VASCULATURE OF BREAST NERVES OF BREAST Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall Viscera of Thoracic Cavity Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree PLEURAE LUNGS TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE VASCULATURE OF LUNGS AND PLEURAE NERVES OF LUNGS AND PLEURAE SURFACE ANATOMY OF PLEURAE AND LUNGS Overview of Mediastinum Pericardium Heart RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE SEMILUNAR VALVES VASCULATURE OF HEART STIMULATING, CONDUCTING, AND REGULATING SYSTEMS OF HEART Superior Mediastinum and Great Vessels THYMUS GREAT VESSELS NERVES IN SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM TRACHEA ESOPHAGUS Posterior Mediastinum THORACIC AORTA ESOPHAGUS THORACIC DUCT AND LYMPHATIC TRUNKS VESSELS AND LYMPH NODES OF POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM NERVES OF POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM Anterior Mediastinum 5 ABDOMEN Overview: Walls, Cavities, Regions, and Planes Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE INTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE PYRAMIDALIS RECTUS SHEATH, LINEA ALBA, AND UMBILICAL RING FUNCTIONS AND ACTIONS OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL MUSCLES Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall DERMATOMES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL NERVES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL VESSELS OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Inguinal Region INGUINAL LIGAMENT AND ILIOPUBIC TRACT INGUINAL CANAL Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes SPERMATIC CORD SCROTUM TESTES EPIDIDYMIS Surface Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Embryology of Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneal Formations Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity Abdominal Viscera Overview of Abdominal Viscera and Digestive Tract Esophagus Stomach POSITION, PARTS, AND SURFACE PROJECTION OF STOMACH INTERIOR OF STOMACH RELATIONS OF STOMACH VESSELS AND NERVES OF STOMACH Small Intestine DUODENUM JEJUNUM AND ILEUM Large Intestine CECUM AND APPENDIX COLON RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL Spleen Pancreas Liver SURFACE PROJECTION, SURFACES, PERITONEAL REFLECTIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVER ANATOMICAL LOBES OF LIVER FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISION OF LIVER BLOOD VESSELS OF LIVER LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AND INNERVATION OF LIVER Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder BILE DUCT GALLBLADDER HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN AND PORTAL–SYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSES Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands KIDNEYS URETERS SUPRARENAL GLANDS VESSELS AND NERVES OF KIDNEYS, URETERS, AND SUPRARENAL GLANDS Innervation of Abdominal Viscera SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION EXTRINSIC AUTONOMIC PLEXUSES INTRINSIC PLEXUSES: THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM VISCERAL SENSORY INNERVATION Diaphragm Vessels and Nerves of Diaphragm Diaphragmatic Apertures CAVAL OPENING ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS AORTIC HIATUS SMALL OPENINGS IN DIAPHRAGM Actions of Diaphragm Posterior Abdominal Wall Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall PSOAS MAJOR ILIACUS QUADRATUS LUMBORUM Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall Vessels of Posterior Abdominal Wall ABDOMINAL AORTA VEINS OF POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND LYMPH NODES OF POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL Sectional Medical Imaging of Abdomen 6 PELVIS AND PERINEUM Introduction to Pelvis and Perineum Pelvic Girdle Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle Orientation of Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle Sexual Differences Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle SACRO-ILIAC JOINTS PUBIC SYMPHYSIS LUMBOSACRAL JOINTS SACROCOCCYGEAL JOINT Pelvic Cavity Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity ANTERO-INFERIOR PELVIC WALL LATERAL PELVIC WALLS POSTERIOR WALL (POSTEROLATERAL WALL AND ROOF) PELVIC FLOOR Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis Pelvic Fascia MEMBRANOUS PELVIC FASCIA: PARIETAL AND VISCERAL ENDOPELVIC FASCIA: LOOSE AND CONDENSED Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis Pelvic Arteries INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY OVARIAN ARTERY MEDIAN SACRAL ARTERY SUPERIOR RECTAL ARTERY Pelvic Veins Lymph Nodes of Pelvis Pelvic Nerves OBTURATOR NERVE LUMBOSACRAL TRUNK SACRAL PLEXUS COCCYGEAL PLEXUS PELVIC AUTONOMIC NERVES VISCERAL AFFERENT INNERVATION IN PELVIS Pelvic Viscera Urinary Organs URETERS PROXIMAL (PELVIC) MALE URETHRA FEMALE URETHRA Rectum ARTERIAL SUPPLY AND VENOUS DRAINAGE OF RECTUM INNERVATION OF RECTUM Male Internal Genital Organs DUCTUS DEFERENS SEMINAL GLANDS EJACULATORY DUCTS PROSTATE BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS INNERVATION OF INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS OF MALE PELVIS Female Internal Genital Organs OVARIES UTERINE TUBES UTERUS VAGINA ARTERIAL SUPPLY AND VENOUS DRAINAGE OF VAGINA INNERVATION OF VAGINA AND UTERUS Lymphatic Drainage of Pelvic Viscera LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE FROM URINARY SYSTEM LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE FROM RECTUM LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE FROM MALE PELVIC VISCERA LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE FROM FEMALE PELVIC VISCERA Perineum Fasciae and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle PERINEAL FASCIAE SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH DEEP PERINEAL POUCH Features of Anal Triangle ISCHIO-ANAL FOSSAE PUDENDAL CANAL AND ITS NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE ANAL CANAL Male Urogenital Triangle DISTAL MALE URETHRA SCROTUM PENIS LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF MALE PERINEUM PERINEAL MUSCLES OF MALE ERECTION, EMISSION, EJACULATION, AND REMISSION Female Urogenital Triangle FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FEMALE PERINEUM PERINEAL MUSCLES OF FEMALE Sectional Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum Magnetic Resonance Imaging 7 LOWER LIMB Overview of Lower Limb Development of Lower Limb Bones of Lower Limb Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones Hip Bone ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS OBTURATOR FORAMEN ACETABULUM ANATOMICAL POSITION OF HIP BONE Femur SURFACE ANATOMY OF PELVIC GIRDLE AND FEMUR FIGURE 7.8. Surface anatomy of hip bone and femur. A. Surface landmarks. B. Bimanual palpation of anteriorsuperior iliac spine. This technique is used to determine position of pelvis (pelvic tilt). C. Palpation of ischial tuberosity. Dand E. Surface projection and palpable features of hip bone and femur. Patella Tibia and Fibula TIBIA FIBULA SURFACE ANATOMY OF TIBIA AND FIBULA Bones of Foot TARSUS METATARSUS PHALANGES SURFACE ANATOMY OF BONES OF FOOT Fascia of Lower Limb Subcutaneous Tissue FIGURE 7.14. Fascia, intermuscular septa, and fascial compartments of lower limb. A. Overview. The anterior skinand subcutaneous tissue have been removed to reveal the deep fascia. B. Fascia lata. Fascia lata is reinforced laterally bylongitudinal fibers of the iliotibial tract, the common aponeurotic tendon of the gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae.C. Fascial compartments of leg. D. Fascial compartments of thigh. Deep Fascia FASCIA LATA DEEP FASCIA OF LEG Overview of VEssels and Nerves of Lower Limb Arterial Supply of Lower Limb Venous Drainage of Lower Limb SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF LOWER LIMB DEEP VEINS OF LOWER LIMB Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb Motor Innervation of Lower Limb Peripheral Nerves of Lower Limb Posture and Gait Standing at Ease Walking: Gait Cycle Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh Organization of Proximal Lower Limb Anterior Thigh Muscles FIGURE 7.24. Muscles of anterior thigh. A. Attachments of flexors of hip. B. Pectineus. C. Iliopsoas. D. Sartorius. E.Anterior attachments of extensors of knee. F. Quadriceps femoris. G. Vastus intermedius. H. Posterior attachments ofextensors of knee. I. Vastus medialis and lateralis. PECTINEUS ILIOPSOAS SARTORIUS QUADRICEPS FEMORIS Medial Thigh Muscles ADDUCTOR LONGUS ADDUCTOR BREVIS ADDUCTOR MAGNUS GRACILIS OBTURATOR EXTERNUS ACTIONS OF ADDUCTOR MUSCLE GROUP ADDUCTOR HIATUS Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial Thigh FEMORAL TRIANGLE FEMORAL NERVE FEMORAL SHEATH FIGURE 7.31. Dissection of femoral sheath in femoral triangle. A. Iliac fascia and fascia lata. The fascia lata inferiorto the inguinal ligament, including the falciform margin of the saphenous opening, is cut and reflected inferiorly so that theinferior continuation of the iliac fascia can be observed. The femoral nerve, seen through a window in the iliac fascia, isexternal and lateral to the femoral sheath. B. Femoral artery and vein in femoral sheath. The femoral sheath has beenincised. FEMORAL ARTERY FEMORAL VEIN ADDUCTOR CANAL Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Gluteal Region: Buttocks and Hip Region GLUTEAL LIGAMENTS Muscles of Gluteal Region GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND GLUTEUS MINIMUS TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE PIRIFORMIS OBTURATOR INTERNUS AND GEMELLI QUADRATUS FEMORIS OBTURATOR EXTERNUS Posterior Thigh Region SEMITENDINOSUS SEMIMEMBRANOSUS BICEPS FEMORIS Neurovascular Structures of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions CLUNIAL NERVES DEEP GLUTEAL NERVES ARTERIES OF GLUTEAL AND POSTERIOR THIGH REGIONS VEINS OF GLUTEAL AND POSTERIOR THIGH REGIONS LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF GLUTEAL AND THIGH REGIONS Surface Anatomy of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Popliteal Fossa and Leg Popliteal Region FASCIA OF POPLITEAL FOSSA NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS IN POPLITEAL FOSSA Anterior Compartment of Leg ORGANIZATION OF LEG MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG NERVE OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG ARTERY IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG Lateral Compartment of Leg MUSCLES IN LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG NERVES IN LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG BLOOD VESSELS IN LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG Posterior Compartment of Leg SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE GROUP IN POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT DEEP MUSCLE GROUP IN POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT NERVES IN POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT ARTERIES IN POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT Surface Anatomy of Leg Foot Skin and Fascia of Foot SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DEEP FASCIA OF FOOT Muscles of Foot Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Foot NERVES OF FOOT FIGURE 7.76. Cutaneous innervation of foot. TABLE 7.15. NERVES OF FOOT Saphenous Nerve. Superficial and Deep Fibular Nerves. Medial Plantar Nerve. NERVES OF FOOT ARTERIES OF FOOT ARTERIES OF SOLE OF FOOT VENOUS DRAINAGE OF FOOT LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FOOT Surface Anatomy of Ankle and Foot Regions FIGURE 7.80. Surface anatomy of foot. A. Features on dorsum of foot. B. Underlying structures on dorsum of foot. C.Underlying structures on lateral aspect of foot. Numbers in parentheses in part C refer to structures identified in part D. D.Features of lateral aspect of foot. E. Features of medial aspect of foot. Numbered structures are identified in key. Joints of Lower Limb Hip Joint ARTICULAR SURFACES OF HIP JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF HIP JOINT MOVEMENTS OF HIP JOINT FIGURE 7.87. Relations of hip joint and muscles producing movements of joint. A. Muscles, vessels, and nervesrelated to the hip joint. The muscles are color coded to indicate their function(s). Applying Hilton’s law, it is possible todeduce the innervation of the hip joint by knowing which muscles directly cross and act on the joint and their nervesupply. B. MRI of hip joint in plane corresponding to part A. Is, ischium. C. Positions and movements of functionalmuscle groups of hip joint. BLOOD SUPPLY OF HIP JOINT NERVE SUPPLY OF HIP JOINT Knee Joint ARTICULATIONS, ARTICULAR SURFACES, AND STABILITY OF KNEE JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF KNEE JOINT EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT INTRA-ARTICULAR LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT MOVEMENTS OF KNEE JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF KNEE JOINT INNERVATION OF KNEE JOINT BURSAE AROUND KNEE JOINT Tibiofibular Joints TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT TIBIOFIBULAR SYNDESMOSIS Ankle Joint ARTICULAR SURFACES OF ANKLE JOINT JOINT CAPSULE OF ANKLE JOINT LIGAMENTS OF ANKLE JOINT MOVEMENTS OF ANKLE JOINT BLOOD SUPPLY OF ANKLE JOINT NERVE SUPPLY OF ANKLE JOINT Foot Joints MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF FOOT ARCHES OF FOOT Surface Anatomy of Joints of Knee, Ankle, and Foot FIGURE 7.108. Surface anatomy of knee, leg, ankle, and foot joints. A. Anterior aspect with knee extended. B.Lateral aspect with knee partially flexed. C. Bones of medial aspect of foot. D. Medial view of lateral radiograph. E.Bones of lateral aspect of foot. F. Bones of dorsum of foot. C L I N I C A LB O X JOINTS OF LOWER LIMB Bipedalism and Congruity of Articular Surfaces of HipJoint FIGURE B7.29. Congruity of articular surfaces of hip joint. Fractures of Femoral Neck FIGURE B7.30. Fracture of femoral neck. Surgical Hip Replacement FIGURE B7.31. Necrosis of femoral head. Necrosis of Femoral Head in Children Dislocation of Hip Joint FIGURE B7.32. Dislocation of hip joint. Genu Valgum and Genu Varum FIGURE B7.33. Genu varum and valgum. Patellar Dislocation Patellofemoral Syndrome Knee Joint Injuries FIGURE B7.34. Knee joint injuries. FIGURE B7.35. Locating a meniscal tear. Arthroscopy of Knee Joint FIGURE B7.36. Arthroscopy of knee joint. Aspiration of Knee Joint Bursitis in Knee Region FIGURE B7.37. Prepatellar bursitis. Popliteal Cysts FIGURE B7.38. Popliteal (Baker) cyst. Knee Replacement FIGURE B7.39. Knee replacement. Ankle Injuries FIGURE B7.40. Anterior talofibular ligament injury. FIGURE B7.41. Ankle injuries. Tibial Nerve Entrapment Hallux Valgus FIGURE B7.42. Hallux valgus and corns. Hammer Toe FIGURE B7.43. Foot pathology. Claw Toes Pes Planus (Flat Feet) Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) FIGURE B7.44. Clubfoot. The Bottom Line: Joints of Lower Limb Hip joint: Knee joint: Tibiofibular joints: Ankle joint: Joints of foot: 8 HEAD Overview of Head Cranium Anterior Aspect of Cranium Lateral Aspect of Cranium Occipital Aspect of Cranium Superior Aspect of Cranium External Surface of Cranial Base Internal Surface of Cranial Base ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA Walls of Cranial Cavity Regions of Head Face and Scalp Face Scalp Muscles of Face and Scalp MUSCLES OF SCALP, FOREHEAD, AND EYEBROWS MUSCLES OF MOUTH, LIPS, AND CHEEKS MUSCLES OF ORBITAL OPENING MUSCLES OF NOSE AND EARS Nerves of Face and Scalp CUTANEOUS NERVES OF FACE AND SCALP OPHTHALMIC NERVE MAXILLARY NERVE MANDIBULAR NERVE NERVES OF SCALP MOTOR NERVES OF FACE FACIAL NERVE Superficial Vasculature of Face and Scalp SUPERFICIAL ARTERIES OF FACE ARTERIES OF SCALP EXTERNAL VEINS OF FACE VEINS OF SCALP LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE AND SCALP Surface Anatomy of Face Cranial Meninges Dura Mater DURAL INFOLDINGS OR REFLECTIONS DURAL VENOUS SINUSES VASCULATURE OF DURA MATER NERVE SUPPLY OF DURA MATER Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Brain Parts of Brain Ventricular System of Brain VENTRICLES OF BRAIN SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS SECRETION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CIRCULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ABSORPTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Arterial Blood Supply to Brain INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES VERTEBRAL ARTERIES CEREBRAL ARTERIES CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE Venous Drainage of Brain Orbits, Eyeball, and Accessory Visual Structures Orbits Anterior Accessory Visual Structures EYELIDS LACRIMAL APPARATUS Eyeball FIBROUS LAYER OF EYEBALL VASCULAR LAYER OF EYEBALL INNER LAYER OF EYEBALL REFRACTIVE MEDIA AND COMPARTMENTS OF EYEBALL Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS MOVEMENTS OF EYEBALL RECTI AND OBLIQUE MUSCLES SUPPORTING APPARATUS OF EYEBALL Nerves of Orbit Vasculature of Orbit ARTERIES OF ORBIT VEINS OF ORBIT Surface Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint Parotid Region PAROTID GLAND INNERVATION OF PAROTID GLAND AND RELATED STRUCTURES Temporal Region Infratemporal Fossa TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT MUSCLES OF MASTICATION NEUROVASCULATURE OF INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA Oral Region Oral Cavity Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae LIPS AND CHEEKS GINGIVAE Teeth PARTS AND STRUCTURE OF TEETH VASCULATURE OF TEETH INNERVATION OF TEETH Palate HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE SUPERFICIAL FEATURES OF PALATE MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE VASCULATURE AND INNERVATION OF PALATE Tongue PARTS AND SURFACES OF TONGUE MUSCLES OF TONGUE INNERVATION OF TONGUE VASCULATURE OF TONGUE Salivary Glands SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS SUBLINGUAL GLANDS Pterygopalatine Fossa Pterygopalatine Part of Maxillary Artery Maxillary Nerve Nose External Nose SKELETON OF EXTERNAL NOSE NASAL SEPTUM Nasal Cavities BOUNDARIES OF NASAL CAVITIES FEATURES OF NASAL CAVITIES Vasculature and Innervation of Nose Paranasal Sinuses FRONTAL SINUSES ETHMOIDAL CELLS SPHENOIDAL SINUSES MAXILLARY SINUSES Ear External Ear AURICLE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS AND TYMPANIC MEMBRANE Middle Ear WALLS OF TYMPANIC CAVITY PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE AUDITORY OSSICLES Internal Ear BONY LABYRINTH MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS 9 NECK Overview Bones of Neck Cervical Vertebrae Hyoid Bone Fascia of Neck Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma PLATYSMA Deep Cervical Fascia INVESTING LAYER OF DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA PRETRACHEAL LAYER OF DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA PREVERTEBRAL LAYER OF DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions Sternocleidomastoid Region Posterior Cervical Region Lateral Cervical Region MUSCLES IN LATERAL CERVICAL REGION ARTERIES IN LATERAL CERVICAL REGION VEINS IN LATERAL CERVICAL REGION NERVES OF LATERAL CERVICAL REGION LYMPH NODES IN LATERAL CERVICAL REGION Anterior Cervical Region MUSCLES IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION ARTERIES IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION VEINS IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION NERVES IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions and Triangles of Neck Deep Structures of Neck Prevertebral Muscles Root of Neck ARTERIES IN ROOT OF NECK VEINS IN ROOT OF NECK NERVES IN ROOT OF NECK Viscera of Neck Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera THYROID GLAND PARATHYROID GLANDS Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera LARYNX TRACHEA Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS Surface Anatomy of Endocrine and Respiratory Layers of Cervical Viscera Lymphatics of Neck 10 SUMMARY OF CRANIAL NERVES Overview Olfactory Nerve (CN I) Optic Nerve (CN II) Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) Abducent Nerve (CN VI) Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory Vagus Nerve (CN X) Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) INDEX Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022! 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