Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications [3rd ed.]

"Applauded for its clarity, this accessible introduction helps readers apply multilevel techniques to their research. The book also includes advanced extensions, making it useful as both an introduction for students and as a reference for researchers. Basic models and examples are discussed in nontechnical terms with an emphasis on understanding the methodological and statistical issues involved in using these models. The estimation and interpretation of multilevel models is demonstrated using realistic examples from various disciplines including psychology, education, public health, and sociology. Readers are introduced to a general framework on multilevel modeling which covers both observed and latent variables in the same model, while most other books focus on observed variables. In addition, Bayesian estimation is introduced and applied using accessible software."-- Provided by publisher Contents......Page 3 Preface......Page 7 Intro to Multilevel Analysis......Page 12 AGGReGATion AnD DiSAGGReGATion......Page 13 WHy Do We neeD SPeCiAL MuLTiLeveL AnALySiS TeCHniQueS?......Page 15 MuLTiLeveL THeoRieS......Page 17 eSTiMATion AnD SofTWARe......Page 18 exAMPLe......Page 19 An exTenDeD exAMPLe......Page 24 THRee- AnD MoRe LeveL ReGReSSion MoDeLS......Page 30 noTATion AnD SofTWARe notation......Page 34 Software......Page 36 Maximum Likelihood (ML): full and Restricted ML estimation......Page 38 Generalized estimating equations......Page 40 BAyeSiAn MeTHoDS......Page 41 BooTSTRAPPinG......Page 43 SiGnifiCAnCe TeSTinG AnD MoDeL CoMPARiSon......Page 44 Notes......Page 51 Important Methodological & Statistical Issues......Page 52 AnALySiS STRATeGy......Page 53 CenTeRinG AnD STAnDARDizinG exPLAnAToRy vARiABLeS......Page 57 inTeRPReTinG inTeRACTionS......Page 63 HoW MuCH vARiAnCe iS exPLAineD?......Page 68 MuLTiLeveL MeDiATion AnD HiGHeR-LeveL ouTCoMeS......Page 75 MiSSinG DATA in MuLTiLeveL AnALySiS......Page 76 Software......Page 80 Notes......Page 81 inTRoDuCTion......Page 82 fixeD AnD vARyinG oCCASionS......Page 83 exAMPLe WiTH fixeD oCCASionS......Page 84 exAMPLe WiTH vARyinG oCCASionS......Page 95 ADvAnTAGeS of MuLTiLeveL AnALySiS foR LonGiTuDinAL DATA......Page 99 CoMPLex CovARiAnCe STRuCTuReS......Page 100 STATiSTiCAL iSSueS in LonGiTuDinAL AnALySiS......Page 105 Notes......Page 113 GeneRALizeD LineAR MoDeLS......Page 114 MuLTiLeveL GeneRALizeD LineAR MoDeLS......Page 118 exAMPLe: AnALyzinG DiCHoToMouS DATA......Page 122 exAMPLe: AnALyzinG PRoPoRTionS......Page 124 THe eveR-CHAnGinG LATenT SCALe: CoMPARinG CoeffiCienTS AnD exPLAineD vARiAnCeS......Page 132 Software......Page 139 oRDeReD CATeGoRiCAL DATA......Page 141 CounT DATA......Page 150 exPLAineD vARiAnCe in oRDeReD CATeGoRiCAL AnD CounT DATA......Page 157 Software......Page 158 SuRvivAL AnALySiS......Page 159 MuLTiLeveL SuRvivAL AnALySiS......Page 164 MuLTiLeveL oRDinAL SuRvivAL AnALySiS......Page 169 Software......Page 171 inTRoDuCTion......Page 172 exAMPLe of CRoSS-CLASSifieD DATA: PuPiLS neSTeD WiTHin (PRiMARy AnD SeConDARy SCHooLS)......Page 174 exAMPLe of CRoSS-CLASSifieD DATA: (SoCioMeTRiC RATinGS) in SMALL GRouPS......Page 176 Software......Page 183 Multivariate Multilevel Regression Models......Page 184 THe MuLTivARiATe MoDeL......Page 185 exAMPLe of MuLTivARiATe MuLTiLeveL AnALySiS: MuLTiPLe ReSPonSe vARiABLeS......Page 187 exAMPLe of MuLTivARiATe MuLTiLeveL AnALySiS: MeASuRinG GRouP CHARACTeRiSTiCS......Page 192 Notes......Page 199 MeTA-AnALySiS AnD MuLTiLeveL MoDeLinG......Page 200 THe vARiAnCe-KnoWn MoDeL......Page 202 exAMPLe AnD CoMPARiSon WiTH CLASSiCAL MeTA-AnALySiS......Page 206 CoRReCTinG foR ARTifACTS......Page 212 MuLTivARiATe MeTA-AnALySiS......Page 215 Software......Page 220 Note......Page 222 SAMPLe Size AnD ACCuRACy of eSTiMATeS......Page 223 PoWeR AnALySiS......Page 230 MeTHoDS foR RAnDoMizeD ConTRoLLeD TRiALS......Page 232 MeTHoDS foR oBSeRvATionAL STuDieS......Page 240 MeTHoDS foR MeTA-AnALySiS......Page 241 Software for PoWeR AnALySiS......Page 244 Note......Page 245 inTRoDuCTion......Page 246 exAMPLe DATA AnD SoMe iSSueS WiTH non-noRMALiTy......Page 247 CHeCKinG ASSuMPTionS: inSPeCTinG ReSiDuALS......Page 249 THe PRofiLe LiKeLiHooD MeTHoD......Page 257 RoBuST STAnDARD eRRoRS......Page 258 MuLTiLeveL BooTSTRAPPinG......Page 261 BAyeSiAn eSTiMATion MeTHoDS......Page 266 Notes......Page 278 inTRoDuCTion......Page 280 THe WiTHin AnD BeTWeen APPRoACH......Page 282 fuLL MAxiMuM LiKeLiHooD eSTiMATion......Page 283 An exAMPLe of MuLTiLeveL fACToR AnALySiS......Page 285 STAnDARDizinG eSTiMATeS in MuLTiLeveL STRuCTuRAL eQuATion MoDeLinG......Page 289 GooDneSS of fiT in MuLTiLeveL STRuCTuRAL eQuATion MoDeLinG......Page 290 Software......Page 293 Note......Page 294 exAMPLe of A MuLTiLeveL PATH AnALySiS......Page 295 STATiSTiCAL AnD SofTWARe iSSueS......Page 302 Note......Page 304 Intro......Page 305 exAMPLe of LATenT CuRve MoDeLinG......Page 308 A CoMPARiSon of MuLTiLeveL ReGReSSion AnALySiS AnD LATenT CuRve MoDeLinG......Page 314 Software......Page 315 Checklist for Multilevel Reporting......Page 316 Aggregating & Disaggregating......Page 320 Recoding Categorical Data......Page 323 Constructing Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 326 Data & Stories......Page 328 Refs......Page 336 Index......Page 353