Nano-Surface Chemistry

Containing more than 2600 references and over 550 equations, drawings, tables, photographs, and micrographs, This book describes hierarchical assemblies in biology and biological processes that occur at the nanoscale across membranes and at interfaces. It covers recurrent themes in nanocolloid science, including self-assembly, construction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfinement and compartmentalization, measurement and control of interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation. The authors reviews surface forces apparatus measurements of two-dimensional organized ensembles at solid-liquid interfaces. Nano-Surface Chemistry......Page 1 Preface......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 Contributors......Page 6 Introduction......Page 8 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 11 Contents......Page 0 II. SURFACE FORCES MEASUREMENT......Page 12 III. ALCOHOL CLUSTER FORMATION ON SILICA SURFACES IN CYCLOHEXANE......Page 13 IV. ADSORPTION OF POLYELECTROLYTES ONTO OPPOSITELY CHARGED SURFACES......Page 17 V. POLYPEPTIDE AND POLYELECTROLYTE BRUSHES......Page 19 A. Brush Layers of Poly(glutamic acid) and Poly(lysine)......Page 20 B. Density-Dependent Transition of Polyelectrolyte Layers......Page 23 REFERENCES......Page 25 I. ADHESION OVERVIEW......Page 27 A. Continuum Mechanics......Page 28 B. Molecular Dynamics and First-Principles Calculations......Page 34 A. Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 38 IV. ADHESION IN NATURE......Page 63 REFERENCES......Page 66 A. Basic Features of Langmuir–Blodgett Film Formation and Study......Page 69 B. Langmuir Monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Fatty Acids......Page 71 B. Microscopy Methods......Page 75 C. Other Methods......Page 77 A. Introduction......Page 79 B. Langmuir–Blodgett Films Containing Metallic Nanoparticles......Page 80 C. Langmuir–Blodgett Films Containing Semiconductor Nanoparticles......Page 90 D. Langmuir–Blodgett Films Containing Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 105 A. Introduction......Page 108 B. Langmuir–Blodgett Films Containing C60 and C70......Page 109 V. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT FILMS WITH NANOSCALE PATTERNS......Page 126 VI. MOLECULAR-LEVEL SIMULATIONS OF LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS AND LANGMUIR–BLODGETT FILMS......Page 128 A. Simulations of Surfactants with Hydrocarbon Chains and Carboxyl Head Groups......Page 129 B. Simulations of Other Surfactants......Page 136 REFERENCES......Page 141 A. Langmuir Film Engineering......Page 151 B. Layer-by-Layer Film Engineering......Page 154 C. Organic Materials......Page 157 A. Brewster-Angle Microscopy......Page 158 C. Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 159 D. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 160 E. Gravimetric Measurements......Page 161 G. Electrochemistry......Page 162 IV. ROLE OF MOLECULAR CLOSE PACKING ON PROTEIN THERMAL STABILITY......Page 163 V. INDUSTRIAL BIOCATALYSIS......Page 166 VI. REACTION-CENTER-BASED PHOTOCELLS......Page 170 VII. PURPLE-MEMBRANE-BASED OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS......Page 171 VIII. METALLOPROTEIN MONOLAYERS FOR HEALTH SENSORS......Page 175 A. Metalloproteins and Metal-Binding Sites......Page 176 B. Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage and Cholesterol Monitoring......Page 178 IX. SINGLE-ELECTRON AND QUANTUM PHENOMENA IN ULTRASMALL PARTICLES......Page 184 A. Ultrathin Semiconductor Layers and Superlattices......Page 195 X. DNA-BASED MULTIQUARTZ SENSOR......Page 201 A. Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 204 B. Batteries......Page 206 XII. ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS......Page 207 XIII. HYDROGEN STORAGE IN CARBON NANOTUBE......Page 212 A. Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWNT)......Page 214 REFERENCES......Page 216 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 222 B. Historical Overview......Page 223 C. Langmuir Films of Core-Shell Latex Particles......Page 227 D. Parameters Influencing Film Formation......Page 230 III. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT MONOLAYERS OF LATEX PARTICLES......Page 232 IV. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT MULTILAYERS OF LATEX PARTICLES......Page 236 A. Electrostatic Adsorption......Page 237 B. Chemisorption......Page 244 VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 246 REFERENCES......Page 247 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 252 II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF WETTING PHENOMENA......Page 256 B. Dependence of Electrostatic Force on Distance......Page 253 C. Effect of Dielectric Constant on Topographic Heights......Page 260 D. Separation of Topography and Contact Potential......Page 262 A. Disjoining Pressure Effects on the Contact Angle of Small Droplets......Page 263 B. Layering......Page 270 C. Structure of Water on Moist Surfaces......Page 278 D. Ion Solvation, Mobility, and Exchange......Page 286 E. Water Adsorption on Alkali Halides......Page 287 F. Corrosion......Page 290 REFERENCES......Page 294 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 297 A. Capillarity and Elasticity at the Triple Line......Page 298 B. Evidence of the “Wetting Ridge”......Page 300 C. Dynamic Considerations......Page 301 E. Wetting of a Sessile Drop......Page 303 A. Evidence of Viscosity-Independent Spreading......Page 304 B. Swelling Effect......Page 306 A. Hard Substrate......Page 311 B. Soft, Viscoelastic Substrate......Page 312 V. CONSEQUENCES OF SOLID DEFORMATION IN CAPILLARY FLOW......Page 318 VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 320 REFERENCES......Page 321 II. SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALS [37,38]......Page 322 A. Monolayers of Silver Nanocrystals......Page 323 IV. “SUPRA-CRYSTALS” IN FCC STRUCTURE MADE OF NANOCRYSTALS......Page 325 A. Silver Nanocrystals [5,6]......Page 326 A. Collective Optical Properties......Page 328 C. Electron Transport Properties of Nanocrystals Either Isolated or Self-Assembled in 2D and 3D Superlattices......Page 332 D. Collective Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Nanocrystals......Page 335 REFERENCES......Page 337 A. Occurrence and Ultrastructure of S-Layers......Page 339 B. Isolation, Molecular Biology, and Chemical Characterization of S-Layers......Page 342 C. Assembly and Morphogenesis of S-Layers......Page 344 A. Molecular Sieving Properties of S-Layer Lattices......Page 350 B. Production and Rejection Characteristics of S-Layer Ultrafiltration Membranes (SUMs)......Page 351 D. Surface Properties of Native S-Layer Lattices from Bacillaceae......Page 352 E. Surface Properties of Glutaraldehyde-Treated S-Layer Lattices......Page 353 A. General Introduction......Page 356 B. Immobilization of Enzymes......Page 357 C. Immobilization of Ligands and Immunoglobulins......Page 358 D. Affinity Microparticles......Page 359 E. S-Layers as Novel Matrix for Dipstick-Style Solid-Phase Immunoassays......Page 360 F. Biosensors Based on S-Layer Technology......Page 361 G. S-Layers for Vaccine Development......Page 363 V. RECRYSTALLIZATION AT THE LIQUID–AIR AND LIQUID–SOLID INTERFACES......Page 364 VI. S-LAYER AS TEMPLATES FOR THE FORMATION OF REGULARLY ARRANGED NANOPARTICLES......Page 365 VII. WRITING WITH MOLECULES......Page 367 VIII. S-LAYER AS SUPPORTING STRUCTURE FOR FUNCTIONAL LIPID MEMBRANES......Page 368 A. Crystallization of S-Layers on Lipid Membranes and Liposomes......Page 369 B. SUM-Supported Lipid Membranes......Page 379 C. Solid-Supported Lipid Membranes......Page 381 D. Functionalization of S-Layer-Supported Lipid Membranes......Page 383 E. Stability of S-Layer-Supported Lipid Membranes......Page 385 IX. PATTERNING OF S-LAYERS RECRYSTALLIZED ON SOLID SUPPORTS......Page 386 X. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 389 REFERENCES......Page 390 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 396 II. PROPERTIES OF DNA AND NATIVE NUCLEIC ACID–BASED NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 397 A. Semisynthetic DNA–Protein Conjugates......Page 401 B. DNA-Based Nanocluster Assembly......Page 408 C. Nanostructured Molecular Scaffolds from DNA......Page 411 A. DNA-Templated Synthesis......Page 416 B. DNA as a Material in Microelectronics......Page 418 C. Nucleic Acid–Functionalized Microstructured Surfaces......Page 421 V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 428 REFERENCES......Page 429 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 436 II. STRUCTURE OF DNA IN SOLUTION......Page 437 A. DNA/Polymer Complexes Based on Hydrogen Bonding......Page 438 B. Assemblies Based on the Insertion into Sequences of Some Building Blocks that Do Not Participate in Double-Helix Formation......Page 439 D. Assemblies Based on the DNA Condensation Phenomenon......Page 440 F. DNA Assemblies Based on Counterion Condensation......Page 441 IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 460 REFERENCES......Page 461 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 465 II. SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES MADE OF NATURAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS......Page 466 IV. SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES MADE OF POLYPEPTIDES......Page 467 V. ORIENTATION AND PATTERNING OF PROTEINS ON SOLID SURFACES......Page 469 VI. PREDESIGNED THREE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF PROTEINS: “CRYSTAL ENGINEERING”......Page 470 VII. APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES MADE OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES......Page 471 REFERENCES......Page 473 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 476 A. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Reversed Micelles......Page 477 B. Solubilization in Reversed Micelles......Page 478 A. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Water-Containing Reversed Micelles......Page 482 B. Solubilization in Water-Containing Reversed Micelles......Page 486 C. Solubilization of Electrolytes......Page 487 D. Solubilization of Small Polar and Amphiphilic Molecules......Page 488 E. Solubilization of Macromolecules......Page 491 F. Hosting Nanoparticles......Page 493 G. Hosting Nanogels......Page 496 A. Intermicellar Interactions in Semidilute Solutions of Water-Containing Reversed Micelles......Page 497 B. Concentrated Solutions of Water-Containing Reversed Micelles......Page 498 REFERENCES......Page 500 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 508 A. Engineering of Particle Surfaces......Page 509 B. Application of Self-Assembly to Colloids......Page 510 A. Hollow Capsule Processing......Page 518 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK......Page 525 REFERENCES......Page 526 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 529 A. Classification of Electrophoresis Media......Page 531 B. Example Electrophoresis Media......Page 536 C. Structural Properties of Electrophoresis Media......Page 545 III. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR TRANSPORT IN ELECTRIC FIELDS......Page 561 IV. DIFFUSION......Page 563 B. Comments on Diffusion in Porous Media......Page 564 C. Obstruction Effects......Page 568 D. Hydration Effects......Page 579 E. Effect of Solute Size......Page 580 F. Hydrodynamic Interactions......Page 582 G. Experimental Methods and Comparison to Theories......Page 585 A. Electrophoresis in Solution......Page 587 B. Electrophoresis of Noninteracting Solutes in Gels......Page 591 C. Electrochromatography......Page 604 D. Electrophoretic NMR Spectroscopy......Page 605 VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 606 NOTATION......Page 607 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 608 REFERENCES......Page 609 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 627 A. Electrolytes......Page 629 B. Nano-Surface......Page 632 A. Charge-Induced Concentration Profiles......Page 634 B. Reduced Ion Exchange Capacity/Nonneutrality......Page 636 C. Salt Exclusion......Page 637 IV. FORCES BETWEEN CHARGED SURFACES......Page 639 A. Theories and Experiments......Page 640 B. Monte Carlo Simulations......Page 641 A. Continuum Theory of Ion Transport......Page 643 B. Experimental Work......Page 644 C. Molecular Dynamics Simulation......Page 645 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK......Page 650 REFERENCES......Page 651 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 654 II. CLAY STRUCTURE AND DISPERSION IN POLYMER......Page 655 IV. INTERCALATION OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS IN CLAY GALLERIES......Page 657 V. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 658 A. Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites Synthesized from Monomers......Page 660 B. Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites Synthesized from Precursors......Page 662 C. Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites Synthesized from Polymer Solution......Page 666 D. Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites Synthesized via Melt Intercalation......Page 667 VI. THERMODYNAMICS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLYMER AND ORGANOCLAY......Page 669 VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 671 REFERENCES......Page 672 Describes hierarchical assemblies in biology and biological processes that occur at the nanoscale across membranes and at interfaces!This book covers recurrent themes in nanocolloid science, including self-assembly, construction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfinement and compartmentalization, measurement and control of interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation.Reviews surface forces apparatus measurements of two-dimensional organized ensembles at solid-liquid interfaces!With more than 2600 references and over 550 equations, drawings, tables, photographs, and micrographs, Nano-Surface Chemistry discusses Langmuir-Blodgett films of varying organizational complexityconsiders the relationship of supramolecular layer assemblies to nanotechnology reveals the effect of solid nanometric deformation on the kinetics of wetting, dewetting, and capillary flow details scanning polarization force microscopy to study the nanostructure of liquid films and dropletspresents a biomolecular system of glycoproteins derived from bacterial cell envelopes that spontaneously aggregate to form crystalline arrays in the mesoscopic range focuses on DNA nanoensembles condensed by polymer interactions and electrostatic forces for gene transfer gives examples of nanofabrication of cored colloidal particles and hollow capsules clarifies the use of reversed micelles as nanohosts for solvents, drugs, carriers, and reactorsexamines the change in transport properties of electrolytes confined in nanostructuresand more!Depicting a vast range of industrial and technological applications that stem from the new way scientists view molecular behavior, Nano-Surface Chemistry is a blue-ribbon reference for physical, surface, colloid, inorganic, organic, polymer, medicinal, and analytical chemists; chemical engineers; physicists and biophysicists; pharmaceutical scientists; materials scientists; biochemists; biophysicists; biotechnologists; biomaterials specialists; biologists; and graduate students in these disciplines. Molecular Architectures At Solid-liquid Interfaces Studied By Surface Forces Measurement / Kazue Kurihara -- Adhesion On The Nanoscale / Suzanne P. Jarvis -- Langmuir Monolayers: Fundamentals And Relevance To Nanotechnology / Keith J. Stine, Brian G. Moore -- Supramolecular Organic Layer Engineering For Industrial Nanotechnology / Claudio Nicolini, V. Erokhin, M.k. Ram -- Mono- And Multilayers Of Spherical Polymer Particles Prepared By Langmuir--blodgett And Self-assembly Techniques / Bernd Tieke, Karl-ulrich Fulda, Achim Kampes -- Studies Of Wetting And Capillary Phenomena At Nanometer Scale With Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy / Lei Xu, Miquel Salmeron -- Nanometric Solid Deformation Of Soft Materials In Capillary Phenomena / Martin E.r. Shanahan, Alain Carre -- Two-dimensional And Three-dimensional Superlattices: Syntheses And Collective Physical Properties / Marie-paule Pileni -- Molecular Nanotechnology And Nanobiotechnology With Two-dimensional Protein Crystals (s-layers) / Uwe B. Sleytr, Margit Sara, Dietmar Pum, Bernhard Schuster -- Dna As A Material For Nanobiotechnology / Christof M. Niemeyer -- Self-assembled Dna/polymer Complexes / Vladimir S. Trubetskoy, Jon A. Wolff -- Supramolecular Assemblies Made Of Biological Macromolecules / Nir Dotan, Noa Cohen, Ori Kalid, Amihay Freeman -- Reversed Micelles As Nanometer-size Solvent Media / Vincenzo Turco Liveri -- Engineering Of Core-shell Particles And Hollow Capsules / Frank Caruso -- Electro-transport In Hydrophilic Nanostructured Materials / Bruce R. Locke. Edited By Morton Rosoff. Includes Biblographical References And Index. Self-assembly, the construction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfinement and compartmentalization, measuring and controlling interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation are among the areas of nano-colloid science reviewed by scientists from Europe, the US, Israel, and Japan. They also demonstrate the intersection and interaction of physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science; survey industrial and technological applications; and explore how new experimental techniques and findings are generating developments in fundamental science. c. Book News Inc